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| India’s Census 2027 will be the country’s first fully digital population count, shaping economic policy and development planning for the next decade.(Representing ai image) |
Census 2027: ₹11,718 Crore for India’s Biggest Data Exercise — What It Means for the Economy, Governance, and Democracy
Table of Contents
- Introduction: Why Census 2027 Matters More Than Ever
- What Is the Census and Why Economists Care
- Census 2027 at a Glance: Key Facts and Numbers
- The ₹11,718 Crore Question: Is the Cost Justified?
- No Separate Budget for NPR: What Changed Since 2019?
- Census as an Economic Infrastructure
- Digital Census & Census-as-a-Service (CaaS): A Structural Shift
- Caste Enumeration: Economic and Policy Implications
- Employment, Capacity, and Administrative Economics
- Fiscal Trade-offs: What Else Could ₹11,718 Crore Buy?
- Risks, Challenges, and Political Economy
- What Census 2027 Will Shape: From Welfare to Federal Finance
- Global Comparison: How India Stacks Up
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Conclusion: Census 2027 as India’s Development Compass
- Sources & References
1. Introduction: Why Census 2027 Matters More Than Ever
When the Union Cabinet approved ₹11,718.24 crore for the Census of India 2027, it marked far more than the launch of a routine population survey. It signaled the revival of India’s most critical development instrument, one that has been dormant since the pandemic forced the postponement of Census 2021. In many ways, Census 2027 is about restarting the engine that powers evidence-based governance.
In a country of 1.4 billion people, data is destiny. Every major public decision—from welfare delivery and infrastructure planning to parliamentary representation and fiscal devolution—depends on accurate population data. Schools are built based on age demographics, hospitals are sanctioned based on population density, and urban planning hinges on migration patterns. Yet for nearly a decade, India has been relying on 2011 Census data, a dataset that predates smartphones, large-scale urban migration, and today’s digital economy. In economic and policy terms, that gap is enormous.
Census 2027 arrives at a decisive moment. India is urbanizing rapidly, its workforce is shifting, and regional demographic patterns are changing in ways that directly impact growth, inequality, and governance. Updated data is no longer optional—it is essential for efficient public spending, targeted welfare schemes, and sustainable development planning.
This blog looks at Census 2027 not merely as a population count, but as a transformative national exercise with far-reaching implications. It explores how the census functions as a macroeconomic investment, enabling smarter allocation of resources; a digital governance reform, modernizing how data is collected and used; a political economy signal, influencing representation and federal balance; and ultimately, a developmental reset for a rapidly changing India.
Census 2027 is not about numbers—it’s about shaping India’s future with clarity, credibility, and confidence.
2. What Is the Census and Why Economists Care
At its core, the Census of India is a simple yet powerful exercise that answers three fundamental questions:
Who are we? Where do we live? How do we live?
While these questions may sound basic, the answers shape nearly every economic and policy decision a country makes. For economists, planners, and policymakers, the census is not just a demographic count—it is the data backbone of the national economy.
Why the Census Matters to Economists
Economists rely on census data because it provides the most comprehensive and granular picture of India’s population. Unlike sample surveys, the census covers every household, making it the gold standard for long-term economic planning.
Here’s how census data directly influences economic analysis:
- GDP per capita calculations: Total GDP only tells part of the story. Accurate population figures are essential to measure income levels, productivity, and living standards.
- Poverty and inequality estimates: Identifying where people live, their housing conditions, and access to basic amenities helps refine poverty mapping and target welfare schemes more effectively.
- Labour force projections: Age structure, migration trends, and education levels guide workforce planning, skill development programs, and employment policies.
- Urbanisation trends: Census data reveals how fast cities are growing, where migration is concentrated, and which regions are under pressure from rapid urban expansion.
- Infrastructure demand forecasting: Roads, railways, schools, hospitals, water supply, and digital connectivity all depend on reliable population projections.
Beyond Numbers: How the Census Shapes Policy
The census also acts as a reference framework for dozens of national surveys and administrative databases. When population baselines are outdated, even the best-designed policies risk missing their target. For example, welfare benefits may fall short in fast-growing districts, while overcapacity may appear in regions with stagnant populations.
A Simple Analogy
Think of the census as the balance sheet of the nation. Just as no company can be run on ten-year-old financial accounts, no economy can be governed effectively using outdated population data. Decisions made without fresh census data are often reactive, inefficient, and costly.
Why Census 2027 Is Crucial
With India undergoing rapid demographic, economic, and spatial changes, Census 2027 becomes indispensable. It will recalibrate economic indicators, correct policy blind spots, and restore data credibility across sectors. For economists, it is not merely a statistical update—it is the foundation for smarter growth, fairer distribution, and sustainable development.
In essence, when economists care about the census, they care about getting India’s future right.
3. Census 2027 at a Glance: Key Facts and Numbers
Snapshot Table: Census 2027
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Total Cost | ₹11,718.24 crore |
| Census Year | 2027 |
| Mode | Fully Digital |
| Workforce | ~18,600 technical staff + state enumerators |
| Duration | ~550 days |
| Key Firsts | Digital Census, caste enumeration |
| Data Platform | Census Management & Monitoring System |
| NPR Allocation | No separate budget |
4. The ₹11,718 Crore Question: Is the Cost Justified?
At first glance, the Union Cabinet’s approval of ₹11,718 crore for Census of India 2027 may seem like a hefty price tag. In a fiscally conscious environment, any five-figure crore allocation naturally raises eyebrows. But when viewed in proper economic and developmental context, this cost appears not just reasonable—it looks remarkably efficient.
Cost Per Citizen: Surprisingly Small
India’s estimated population in 2027 stands at around 1.42 billion people. When the total census budget is divided across the population, the numbers tell a compelling story:
- Cost per person: approximately ₹82
- That’s less than the price of a movie ticket or a restaurant meal
For this modest amount, the country secures a comprehensive data backbone that will shape policy decisions, welfare schemes, infrastructure planning, and political representation for the next decade. Few public investments offer such long-lasting national value at such a low per-capita cost.
Economic Perspective: A Macro-Level View
Seen through a macroeconomic lens, the Census 2027 allocation is almost negligible relative to India’s economy:
- Cost as a percentage of GDP: ~0.03%
- Effective annual cost (over a 10-year impact cycle): ~₹1,170 crore per year
- Scope of impact: Entire population, all states, and every sector
For comparison, even minor inefficiencies or leakages in welfare programs can cost the exchequer several times this amount annually. Accurate census data directly helps reduce such leakages, ensuring subsidies and benefits reach the intended beneficiaries.
Returns on Investment: Where the Real Value Lies
The real return on Census 2027 is not financial in the traditional sense—it is systemic efficiency:
- Better targeting of welfare schemes through updated demographic and socio-economic data
- Improved urban and rural planning, aligned with current population realities
- Smarter fiscal transfers to states based on real population needs
- Stronger governance outcomes driven by evidence, not estimates
Inaccurate or outdated data leads to misallocated resources, under-served regions, and policy blind spots—costs that far exceed the census budget.
Investment, Not Expenditure
From a strict cost-benefit perspective, Census 2027 is a high-return public investment, not a discretionary expense. At ₹82 per citizen, it delivers a decade of data-driven governance, making it one of the most cost-effective national exercises India undertakes. In economic terms, the real question isn’t whether India can afford the census—but whether it can afford not to conduct it.
5. No Separate Budget for NPR: What Changed Since 2019?
One of the most striking aspects of the Census 2027 announcement is not what the government included—but what it left out. Unlike the previous census cycle, there is no separate budget allocation for the National Population Register (NPR). This omission marks a clear shift in approach and carries significant political and economic implications.
Then vs Now: A Clear Contrast
To understand the change, it helps to look at the numbers:
-
2019 Census Cycle
- Census Allocation: ₹8,754 crore
- NPR Allocation: ₹3,941 crore
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2027 Census Cycle
- Census Allocation: ₹11,718 crore
- NPR Allocation: Not mentioned
The difference is hard to miss. In Parliament, the government has officially clarified that no decision has been taken to update the NPR alongside Census 2027. This clarification effectively decouples the census exercise from citizenship-related databases—at least for now.
Why the Absence of NPR Matters
The NPR has long been politically sensitive because of its perceived link to the National Register of Citizens (NRC). During the 2019–20 period, this linkage triggered widespread public anxiety, protests, and resistance from several state governments. Census operations, which rely heavily on voluntary cooperation, were at risk of losing credibility and participation.
By excluding NPR funding, the government appears to be making a deliberate course correction. This move sends three important signals:
- Reduced Political Friction: Without NPR in the picture, states are less likely to oppose or delay census operations.
- Higher Public Trust: Citizens may feel more comfortable sharing information when it is clearly framed as developmental data, not citizenship verification.
- Sharper Policy Focus: The emphasis shifts back to core census objectives—population trends, housing, migration, employment, and urbanization.
Political Economy Insight
From a political economy perspective, this decision is strategic. Census quality depends on coverage, accuracy, and participation. Any perception of surveillance or exclusion can undermine all three. By distancing Census 2027 from the NPR-NRC debate, the government lowers resistance across political, social, and regional lines.
This approach improves the chances of collecting clean, reliable, and comprehensive data, which is essential for welfare targeting, fiscal transfers, and long-term development planning. In short, dropping the NPR from the budget isn’t an omission—it’s a confidence-building measure that strengthens the census itself.
For Census 2027, the message is clear: development first, data second, politics last.
6. Census as an Economic Infrastructure
When we think of infrastructure, images of highways, railways, ports, and power plants usually come to mind. But in a modern economy, data is just as critical as concrete and steel. The Indian Census is not merely a statistical exercise—it is economic infrastructure that silently supports every major policy decision. Without accurate population data, even the best-funded schemes risk missing their targets.
In India’s scale and diversity, Census data acts as the foundation layer on which development planning is built. It determines who gets what, where resources flow, and how future growth is shaped. Outdated or inaccurate data can distort priorities, waste public money, and deepen regional inequalities.
What Census Data Enables
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Fair fiscal transfers and GST compensation:
Census figures are used by the Finance Commission to decide how central taxes are shared between states. Population size, growth rates, and demographic composition influence GST compensation, grants-in-aid, and welfare allocations. Without updated data, fast-growing regions may be underfunded, while others may receive more than they need. -
Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies:
Democratic representation depends on population balance. Census data ensures that each MP and MLA represents roughly the same number of citizens, preserving electoral fairness and political legitimacy. -
Urban planning and housing demand forecasts:
Migration trends, household sizes, and urban growth patterns help planners design housing projects, transport systems, water supply, and sanitation infrastructure. With India’s rapid urbanization, relying on decade-old data can lead to overcrowded cities and strained civic services. -
School and healthcare infrastructure planning:
Age-wise population data guides where schools, anganwadis, colleges, hospitals, and primary health centers should be built. It also shapes staffing decisions—teachers, doctors, nurses, and frontline health workers.
Why Accurate Census Data Matters
Consider this simple example: if population growth in a district is underestimated, that area may receive fewer schools or hospitals than required. Over time, this leads to overcrowded classrooms, overburdened healthcare facilities, and ultimately long-term human capital losses. Children drop out, health outcomes worsen, and productivity suffers—costs that far exceed the price of conducting a census.
In this sense, the Census is a high-return public investment. Like roads enable trade and power grids enable industry, reliable population data enables efficient governance. Census 2027, therefore, should be seen not as an expense, but as a strategic upgrade to India’s economic infrastructure, essential for inclusive growth and sustainable development in the decades ahead.
7. Digital Census & Census-as-a-Service (CaaS): A Structural Shift
Digital Census & Census-as-a-Service (CaaS): A Structural Shift
Census 2027 will be India’s first fully digital Census, transforming how population data is collected, analyzed, and utilized.
Key Features
- Mobile-based data collection for enumerators
- Real-time monitoring dashboards
- Machine-readable datasets for instant analysis
- Customised visualisation tools for policy-makers
Visual Explanation
Flow Chart: The digital census pipeline simplifies data handling from field to governance.
Economic Benefits
| Benefit | Impact |
|---|---|
| Reduced Administrative Cost | Lower expenditure on paper, logistics, and manual processing |
| Faster Data Availability | Real-time insights for policy decisions and resource allocation |
| Improved Accuracy | Digital entries minimize human error and duplication |
| Enhanced Policy Targeting | Data-driven planning for welfare, health, and education programs |
Census 2027 will be India’s first fully digital Census.
Key Features
- Mobile-based data collection
- Real-time monitoring dashboards
- Machine-readable datasets
- Customised visualisation tools
Visual
Flow Chart:
Enumerator App → Central Portal → Real-Time Dashboard → Ministries & States
Economic Benefits
- Faster data release
- Lower processing errors
- Reduced long-term costs
- Higher interoperability across ministries
This moves Census from a static document to a living data service.
8. Caste Enumeration: Economic and Policy Implications
For the first time since Independence, India’s Census will officially enumerate caste data, making this one of the most consequential policy decisions tied to Census 2027. Far beyond its political symbolism, caste enumeration carries deep economic, developmental, and governance implications that could reshape how public policy is designed and delivered in India.
Why Caste Enumeration Is Economically Significant
Caste continues to influence access to education, employment, healthcare, land ownership, and income mobility. Yet for decades, policymakers have relied on fragmented surveys and outdated assumptions. Official caste data fills this critical blind spot and enables evidence-based governance.
Key economic and policy benefits include:
-
Data-driven affirmative action: Reliable caste data allows governments to recalibrate reservation policies based on current socio-economic realities rather than historical estimates. This ensures affirmative action remains targeted, fair, and constitutionally sound.
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Improved welfare targeting: Many welfare schemes aim to uplift disadvantaged communities but suffer from leakage and misidentification. Caste enumeration helps align benefits with actual deprivation levels, improving efficiency and reducing fiscal waste.
-
Clearer socio-economic mapping: Understanding caste-linked disparities in income, education, and employment helps policymakers identify structural inequalities that hinder productivity and inclusive growth.
-
Better labor and skill planning: Accurate data on caste composition across regions and sectors can inform skill development programs, employment policies, and rural-urban migration planning.
Analogy: Designing social policy without caste data is like treating patients without diagnostics—interventions may exist, but outcomes remain uncertain and inefficient.
Risks and Challenges to Watch
While the benefits are substantial, caste enumeration also carries real risks that must be carefully managed:
-
Political misuse of data: There is a risk that caste data could be selectively interpreted or weaponized for short-term electoral gains rather than long-term development goals.
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Data interpretation challenges: Caste identities are complex, overlapping, and region-specific. Poor classification or analysis could lead to policy distortions instead of corrections.
-
Potential social tensions: If not communicated responsibly, the data could reinforce social divisions rather than promote inclusion.
What Will Determine the Impact
The true impact of caste enumeration will depend on transparency, institutional safeguards, and responsible data governance. Clear methodologies, independent oversight, and public communication will be essential to ensure the data strengthens social cohesion rather than undermines it.
Handled well, caste enumeration can become a powerful economic diagnostic tool, enabling smarter welfare spending, fairer opportunities, and a more inclusive growth trajectory. Mismanaged, it risks becoming a missed opportunity—or worse, a source of division. The difference lies in how wisely India chooses to use the data.
9. Employment, Capacity, and Administrative Economics
The Census of India 2027 is not just a statistical exercise—it is a massive administrative and economic operation that quietly reshapes India’s public sector capacity. Behind the population figures lies a complex employment ecosystem, technology rollout, and institutional learning process that affects governance far beyond census year.
Large-Scale Employment Generation
Census 2027 will directly engage:
- 18,600 technical workers for data systems, software management, cybersecurity, and analytics
- Hundreds of thousands of state-level enumerators, largely drawn from government school teachers and local officials
This translates into short-term employment and income support across districts, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions. While temporary, this engagement injects liquidity into local economies and supports household incomes during the census period.
Capacity Building in Digital Governance
Unlike previous decades, Census 2027 is expected to rely heavily on digital data collection, real-time monitoring, and centralized dashboards. This creates long-term value through:
- Hands-on training of grassroots staff in digital tools
- Improved data literacy among local administrators
- Familiarity with mobile devices, geotagging, and secure data handling
For many districts, the census becomes the first large-scale exposure to end-to-end digital governance, reducing resistance to future e-governance reforms.
Technology Diffusion to Local Administration
The census acts as a technology carrier into India’s administrative backbone. Devices, software workflows, and standard operating procedures introduced during Census 2027 often continue to be used in:
- Welfare beneficiary identification
- Local planning and surveys
- Disaster response and public service delivery
This diffusion effect strengthens state capacity without creating entirely new bureaucratic structures.
Hidden Costs and Opportunity Trade-Offs
However, these gains are not cost-free. A key concern is the diversion of school teachers as enumerators. In rural and under-resourced areas, this can result in:
- Disrupted classroom learning
- Reduced instructional hours
- Learning losses for already vulnerable students
From an administrative economics perspective, this represents an opportunity cost, where gains in data accuracy may temporarily come at the expense of educational outcomes.
Balancing Efficiency and Social Impact
The real challenge for Census 2027 lies in optimizing deployment—minimizing disruption to essential services while maximizing institutional learning. Strategic scheduling, hybrid staffing models, and better compensation mechanisms can help balance census efficiency with social priorities.
Ultimately, Census 2027 is as much about building administrative muscle as it is about counting people. If managed well, its employment and capacity effects can strengthen India’s governance long after the last household is counted.
10. Fiscal Trade-offs: What Else Could ₹11,718 Crore Buy?
To understand scale, compare alternatives:
| Item | Approximate Cost |
|---|---|
| Census 2027 | ₹11,718 crore |
| 2 AIIMS hospitals | ~₹5,000 crore |
| 1 year of PM-POSHAN | ~₹12,000 crore |
Fiscal Trade-offs: What Else Could ₹11,718 Crore Buy?
When the government approved ₹11,718 crore for Census 2027, it naturally raised questions about opportunity cost. What else could this money fund? Looking at the numbers helps put the scale—and the value—of the census into perspective.
How ₹11,718 Crore Compares
-
Census of India 2027
Approximate cost: ₹11,718 crore
Covers the entire population of 1.4 billion people and informs policy for the next decade. -
Two AIIMS-level hospitals
Approximate cost: ₹5,000 crore
₹11,718 crore could fund about two major tertiary healthcare institutions. -
One year of PM-POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal Scheme)
Approximate cost: ₹12,000 crore
Enough to provide nutrition support to millions of schoolchildren for a single year.
Why Census Spending Is Different
Unlike welfare schemes or infrastructure projects, the Census is a decadal investment, not a recurring expense. Its impact cuts across health, education, housing, employment, urban planning, and fiscal transfers. Accurate population data ensures that every rupee spent on hospitals, schools, and welfare schemes is targeted correctly.
Without updated census data, even the best-funded programs risk inefficiency and leakage. In that sense, Census 2027 acts as a multiplier for public spending, improving outcomes across sectors for the next ten years.
While ₹11,718 crore is a significant fiscal commitment, it underpins smarter governance, better planning, and more equitable development. The real question isn’t what the census costs—but what poor data ends up costing the nation.
11. Risks, Challenges, and Political Economy
While Census 2027 is a critical pillar of India’s development planning, its success depends on how well key risks and political economy challenges are managed. A census of 1.4 billion people is not just a logistical exercise—it is a test of governance capacity, trust, and execution.
Key Risks and Challenges
- Data Privacy Concerns: With the shift toward digital data collection, citizens may worry about how personal information is stored, shared, or misused. Weak safeguards can reduce public trust and participation.
- Digital Divide: Rural areas, older populations, and economically weaker sections may face difficulties with digital enumeration, potentially impacting data accuracy and inclusiveness.
- Enumerator Overload: Census workers are expected to collect vast amounts of data within tight timelines, increasing the risk of errors, fatigue, and uneven coverage.
- Delays in Data Publication: Historically, long gaps between data collection and release reduce policy relevance, weakening the impact of census-driven planning.
Political Economy Implications
Census data shapes resource allocation, constituency delimitation, and fiscal transfers, making it politically sensitive. Delays or inaccuracies can trigger disputes between states and affect Centre–State relations.
Mitigation Strategies
- Offline Data Capture Options to ensure coverage in low-connectivity areas.
- Strong Data Protection Protocols to safeguard privacy and build public confidence.
- Clear, Time-Bound Data Release Schedules to ensure transparency and policy relevance.
Addressing these challenges effectively will determine whether Census 2027 becomes a governance milestone or a missed opportunity.
12. What Census 2027 Will Shape: From Welfare to Federal Finance
Census 2027 is far more than a statistical exercise—it is a cornerstone of India’s policy and governance architecture for the 2030s. Every number collected will ripple across public programs, political representation, and fiscal planning. Here’s a closer look at the key areas where Census 2027 will make a tangible difference:
1. Delimitation Post-2026 Freeze
Parliamentary and assembly constituencies in India have been operating under a frozen delimitation system until 2026. Census 2027 will provide the updated population data necessary to redraw constituency boundaries, ensuring fair representation. Accurate demographics will directly influence political power distribution and uphold the principle of “one person, one vote” in a country of 1.4 billion citizens.
2. Finance Commission Formulas
The Finance Commission uses population data to allocate resources between the Centre and states. With nearly a decade-old data in use, many states have experienced mismatches between their actual needs and received funds. Census 2027 will realign fiscal transfers, helping states plan for healthcare, education, infrastructure, and social welfare programs more effectively.
3. Urban Local Body Funding
India’s cities are growing at unprecedented rates, yet urban planning continues to rely on outdated statistics. Census 2027 will inform urban local body funding, helping municipal authorities distribute resources for water supply, sanitation, housing, and public transport where they are needed most. Accurate urban data will also support smart city projects and sustainable urbanization.
4. Women-Centric Policies
Gender-disaggregated data is critical for targeting women’s welfare programs, from maternal health to employment schemes. Census 2027 will provide updated statistics on women’s literacy, workforce participation, and social indicators, enabling policymakers to design more effective programs for empowerment and gender equality.
5. Migration and Labour Reforms
Internal migration and labor mobility have surged over the last decade, accelerated by urbanization and economic changes. Census 2027 will capture migration patterns and workforce demographics, offering evidence to improve labor laws, social security, housing, and infrastructure for migrant workers.
In short, Census 2027 will define India’s governance architecture for the 2030s. From political representation and fiscal federalism to urban planning, gender equality, and labor reforms, every sector of governance will benefit from precise, up-to-date population data. By grounding policies in accurate statistics, India can ensure efficient resource allocation, inclusive growth, and equitable development for the next decade.
13. Global Comparison: How India Stacks Up
India’s upcoming Census 2027 is not just significant domestically—it’s remarkable on the global stage. When we compare costs, scale, and methodology, India emerges as a model of efficient, large-scale data collection.| Country | Census Cost (Approx.) | Mode |
|---|---|---|
| US (2020) | ~$14 billion | Mixed |
| China | ~$8 billion | Digital-heavy |
| India (2027) | ~$1.4 billion | Fully Digital |
Here’s why India’s census stands out:
- Cost Efficiency: At roughly $1.4 billion, India conducts a nationwide census for 1.4 billion people—far cheaper than the US or China, proving high administrative efficiency.
- Digital-First Approach: Unlike previous exercises, Census 2027 is fully digital, enabling real-time data collection, faster processing, and reduced errors.
- Scale & Accuracy: Managing the world’s second-largest population digitally is a milestone, positioning India as a global leader in technology-driven governance.
- Policy Impact: Accurate, timely data will help allocate resources effectively, from urban planning and health services to education and welfare schemes.
In essence, Census 2027 shows that size and cost don’t have to compromise efficiency. India is setting a benchmark for how large democracies can embrace digital solutions to power governance, policy, and development..
14. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. Why was Census delayed until 2027?
Due to COVID-19 disruptions and logistical challenges during 2021–23.
Q2. Is NPR included in Census 2027?
No. The government has stated that no decision has been taken to update NPR.
Q3. How secure is digital Census data?
The government claims strong encryption and controlled access, though transparency will be crucial.
Q4. When will Census results be available?
Authorities aim for faster release using digital tools, potentially within 1–2 years.
Q5. Why is caste data important?
It allows evidence-based policymaking rather than assumptions.
15. Conclusion: Census 2027 as India’s Development Compass
Census 2027 is not merely about counting people—it is about counting correctly, quickly, and credibly.
At ₹11,718 crore, it represents:
- A strategic economic investment
- A digital governance leap
- A reset of development planning
By excluding NPR, embracing technology, and expanding data scope, the government signals a shift toward data-driven development rather than data-driven politics.
If executed well, Census 2027 could become the single most influential policy instrument shaping India’s journey through the Amrit Kaal.
16. Sources & References
- Union Cabinet Government Statement on Census 2027
- Lok Sabha Written Reply on NPR (July 29)
- Ministry of Home Affairs, Census Division
- Statements by Union Home Minister Amit Shah
- Economic Survey of India (various years)
- UN Principles and Recommendations for Population Censuses
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