IPPB Launches Aadhaar-Based Face Authentication for Digital Banking: Empowering Every Indian
- Dr.SanjayKumar Pawar
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- IPPB’s Vision and Mandate
- What is Aadhaar-Based Face Authentication?
- Why It Matters: The Need for Inclusive Banking
- Key Benefits and Features
- Technical Backbone: UIDAI & India Stack
- Implementation Strategy and Rural Impact
- Empowering the Elderly and Differently-Abled
- Alignment with Digital India and Financial Inclusion
- Real-world Applications & Use Cases
- Challenges and Data Privacy Considerations
- Global Context: How India’s Move Stands Out
- The Road Ahead
- Conclusion: A New Face of Indian Banking
- FAQs
1. Introduction
India Post Payments Bank’s (IPPB) launch of Aadhaar-based face authentication marks a transformative leap in the nation’s digital banking journey. Unveiled under the Ministry of Communications as part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations, this innovation brings secure, paperless, and dignified banking to the fingertips of India’s most underserved populations.
This facial recognition system, seamlessly integrated with Aadhaar, eliminates the need for OTPs, passwords, or even physical biometric devices. For the elderly, differently-abled, and rural citizens, who often face challenges in accessing digital platforms, this initiative is a powerful equalizer. With just a facial scan, customers can now verify their identity and access financial services from the comfort of their homes.
More than just a technological advancement, this rollout represents a commitment to digital inclusion, aligning perfectly with the vision of Digital India. It reflects IPPB’s mission to make banking truly universal, where technology adapts to people—not the other way around.
As India marches ahead in building a cashless, transparent, and inclusive economy, Aadhaar-based face authentication by IPPB sets a new benchmark in public service delivery—secure, simple, and human-first.
2. IPPB’s Vision and Mandate
Established in 2018 under the Ministry of Communications, India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is a 100% government-owned initiative with a powerful mission—"banking at the doorstep of every Indian." With the strength of the country’s oldest and most trusted network—India Post—IPPB is bridging the last-mile gap in financial inclusion.
At the heart of IPPB’s vision lies a commitment to inclusive, accessible, and affordable banking for all, especially the rural, remote, and underserved populations.
Key Pillars of IPPB’s Mission:
- 🏤 Over 1.65 lakh post offices, of which 1.4 lakh are in rural areas, now serve as banking access points.
- 👥 A vast human network of 3 lakh postal employees acts as banking service providers, right at people’s homes.
- 🌐 IPPB has reached over 5.57 lakh villages and towns, covering every corner of India.
- 🗣️ Services are available in 13 Indian languages, ensuring accessibility across linguistic and cultural boundaries.
- 👨👩👧👦 Over 11 crore customers already trust IPPB for their day-to-day banking needs.
Whether it's opening a savings account, transferring money, receiving government subsidies, or availing of DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer), IPPB ensures no Indian is left behind in the digital banking revolution.
A Human-Centric Motto:
"Every customer is important, every transaction is significant, every deposit is valuable."
This motto reflects IPPB’s human-first approach—a stark contrast to commercial banking models. It’s not just about numbers; it’s about empowerment, dignity, and access.
3. What is Aadhaar-Based Face Authentication?
In a landmark collaboration with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has introduced Aadhaar-based Face Authentication—a breakthrough in secure, contactless, and inclusive banking.
🔍 What is Aadhaar-Based Face Authentication?
This innovative technology uses a person’s facial features—captured through a mobile or biometric device camera—to verify their identity against their Aadhaar database, without needing fingerprints, iris scans, passwords, or OTPs. It enables real-time Aadhaar authentication simply by having the customer look into a camera.
🌟 Key Features:
- 📸 Contactless Verification: Just a glance at the camera is enough—ideal for elderly, differently-abled, or those with worn fingerprints.
- ⏱️ Instant Authentication: Reduces wait time and eliminates dependency on OTP delivery or physical touchpoints.
- 🔐 High Security: Backed by UIDAI’s robust biometric encryption systems.
- 🌐 Accessible Anywhere: IPPB’s vast postal network and handheld devices make it usable in remote villages and towns.
🤝 Why It Matters:
In a country with diverse geographies and digital literacy levels, Aadhaar-based face authentication is a game changer. It removes barriers for:
- 🧓 Senior citizens with unclear fingerprints
- 🏡 Rural users without mobile connectivity for OTPs
- 👩🦽 Persons with disabilities who may find conventional authentication methods difficult
IPPB’s move to integrate face recognition aligns with its vision of "banking at your doorstep", ensuring every Indian, regardless of age or ability, can access government benefits, make payments, and manage finances with dignity and ease.
4. Why It Matters: The Need for Inclusive Banking
In the age of digitization, financial inclusion remains one of India’s greatest challenges. While smartphones, apps, and biometric tools have revolutionized access to banking, they have also left behind a sizable segment of the population. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is addressing this critical gap through Aadhaar-based face authentication, ensuring no Indian is denied banking services due to technological or physical limitations.
🧓 Challenges with Traditional Digital Banking:
Most conventional banking systems rely on:
- Fingerprint scanners (biometric mismatch due to age or manual labor)
- One-Time Passwords (OTPs) (which require mobile connectivity)
- Mobile apps or SMS verification (dependent on digital literacy)
While these systems work well for digitally enabled users, they fail many others—especially:
- 👴 Senior citizens with worn-out or faded fingerprints
- 👩🦯 Visually or physically impaired users who struggle with PINs, buttons, or app navigation
- 🏞️ Rural and tribal residents living in areas with unreliable network coverage
- 📵 Individuals without smartphones or unfamiliar with mobile banking interfaces
🛠️ How IPPB’s Face Authentication Solves This:
IPPB’s Aadhaar-based face recognition technology offers a non-intrusive, touch-free, and instant solution:
- 📸 Just looking into a camera enables real-time identity verification
- 🔗 It connects seamlessly to Aadhaar, eliminating the need for other documents or devices
- 🏠 Delivered at the doorstep by 3 lakh postal agents, even in the remotest parts of India
🤝 Empowerment Through Access:
By removing digital, physical, and technological barriers, this initiative:
- Restores dignity and independence to elderly and disabled users
- Promotes equitable access to government schemes, pensions, and subsidies
- Reduces stress, wait times, and rejection faced at traditional banks
- Strengthens the vision of financial inclusion enshrined in the Digital India mission
5. Key Benefits and Features
The rollout of Aadhaar-based face authentication by India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is not just a tech innovation—it’s a transformative step in customer-centric, inclusive digital banking. Designed with a strong focus on accessibility, speed, safety, and simplicity, this feature puts the power of banking in every Indian’s face—literally.
✅ Inclusive for All
IPPB’s face authentication system is a lifeline for those excluded by traditional biometrics:
- 🧓 Elderly customers with faded fingerprints
- 👨🦯 Visually or physically impaired individuals
- 👷♂️ Manual laborers whose fingerprints are often worn out
- 📵 Users with no smartphones or unfamiliarity with mobile apps
By eliminating the need for fingerprint or iris scans, the system ensures equitable access to banking services for all—especially in rural, tribal, and underserved communities.
🔒 Highly Secure
Security is at the core. The system is:
- 🔐 Backed by UIDAI’s biometric verification protocols
- 📊 Links live facial data directly with Aadhaar records
- 🚫 Prevents fraud and identity theft with real-time encrypted validation
IPPB ensures your identity is never compromised, while offering a seamless experience.
⚡ Fast & Contactless
No need to touch fingerprint scanners or wait for unreliable OTPs:
- 📸 Just look at the camera for instant authentication
- ⏱️ Saves time and speeds up transactions
- 🧼 Ensures hygienic, touch-free service at the doorstep
This is especially useful where mobile networks are patchy and OTPs are frequently delayed or undelivered.
🏥 Ideal for Health-Sensitive Situations
During pandemics or for immunocompromised individuals, minimizing physical contact is crucial. IPPB’s face-based banking offers:
- 🙌 Safer service with no touchpoints
- 💉 Peace of mind during health emergencies or outbreaks
🔁 Complete Banking, Simplified
IPPB’s face authentication system supports:
- 💰 Balance inquiries
- 📥 Cash deposits and withdrawals
- 📄 Account openings
- 📤 Fund transfers and bill payments
Everything—right from your home.
6. Technical Backbone: UIDAI & India Stack
Behind India Post Payments Bank’s (IPPB) revolutionary Aadhaar-based face authentication lies a robust and secure technical framework powered by UIDAI and the India Stack. Together, they provide the infrastructure, reliability, and security that make real-time, contactless banking a reality for millions of Indians.
🏢 UIDAI’s Role: The Guardian of Aadhaar
The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is the nodal agency responsible for maintaining and securing India’s Aadhaar ecosystem. Its contributions to face authentication include:
- 📂 Managing the Aadhaar biometric database of over 1.3 billion people
- 🤳 Providing APIs for real-time facial recognition, integrated into IPPB’s digital systems
- 🔐 Ensuring end-to-end encryption and strict data privacy protocols in compliance with Aadhaar Act and data protection norms
Every face-based transaction goes through UIDAI’s authentication gateway, ensuring accuracy, speed, and safety—a key reason behind the trust in Aadhaar-linked banking.
💻 India Stack: The Digital Infrastructure Enabler
The India Stack is a pioneering set of APIs that form the backbone of India’s digital identity and payment ecosystem. It enables the IPPB system to operate in a fully digital and user-centric manner through the following layers:
- 📄 Paperless: No need to carry or submit hard copies of identity or address documents
- 🌐 Presence-less: Allows customers to complete banking tasks remotely—ideal for the elderly, disabled, or those in remote locations
- 💳 Cashless: Seamless integration with digital wallets, UPI, and Aadhaar-enabled payment systems
- ✅ Consent Layer: Ensures that all personal data is used only after explicit user consent, reinforcing digital trust and transparency
🔗 Why This Matters
This tech synergy between UIDAI and India Stack powers:
- Lightning-fast authentication
- Tamper-proof verification
- Inclusive access to essential banking services
- A frictionless, paper-free experience for customers across demographics
7. Implementation Strategy and Rural Impact
In a country where over 700 million people live in rural areas, true financial inclusion requires more than just digital apps and city-centric innovations. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), with its Aadhaar-based face authentication rollout, is changing that narrative by bringing smart, secure banking right to the remotest doorstep.
🏤 Leveraging the Power of India Post
IPPB’s most powerful asset is the massive postal network, with over 1.65 lakh post offices, 1.4 lakh of which are in rural India. These post offices are now fully equipped banking touchpoints, thanks to:
- 🧑💼 Postal banking agents equipped with smartphones and biometric devices
- 📸 Devices with cameras capable of instant Aadhaar face authentication
- 🚪 Agents conducting doorstep visits to even the most isolated tribal hamlets
This unique model ensures that every Indian village has a trusted face for financial services, not just a digital screen.
📶 No Internet? No Problem.
One of the standout features of IPPB’s implementation strategy is its independence from mobile network stability:
- ❌ No dependency on OTPs or SMS delivery
- 🔄 Face authentication works even in low-connectivity zones, thanks to offline support and secure syncing protocols
- 🛰️ Banking transactions are made possible in areas where no private bank can reach
🧠 Digital Literacy at the Grassroots
To ensure effective adoption, IPPB invests in:
- 🎓 Training its field operatives in digital literacy, cybersecurity, and customer engagement
- 🧓 Educating rural customers on how face authentication works, and how it safeguards their money
- 🙋♂️ Promoting trust and familiarity through in-person guidance, in local languages
This human-first approach strengthens IPPB’s mission of inclusive, respectful, and responsible banking.
🌾 Transformative Rural Impact
From farmers receiving subsidies to elderly pensioners accessing their savings, this technology is a lifeline for millions. IPPB’s Aadhaar-enabled model:
- Removes barriers of travel, literacy, and documentation
- Delivers timely, secure financial access
- Empowers rural populations with dignified banking experiences
8. Empowering the Elderly and Differently-Abled
In India’s fast-paced shift toward digital banking, certain vulnerable groups—especially the elderly and differently-abled—often find themselves on the margins. Recognizing this critical gap, India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), with support from UIDAI, has introduced Aadhaar-based face authentication to ensure that banking is truly for everyone—not just the tech-savvy.
👵 A Lifeline for the Elderly
Many elderly citizens, particularly in rural India, face a common issue—faded fingerprints. This makes biometric-based authentication unreliable, leading to:
- ❌ Failed transactions
- ⏳ Long delays at bank counters
- 😟 Anxiety and helplessness during financial emergencies
Now, with face authentication, all they need to do is look at a smartphone camera to securely access pensions, savings, and benefits—no PINs, no passwords, no fingerprints.
🧠 Making Life Easier for Differently-Abled Users
Face-based authentication is also a game changer for:
- 👨🦼 People with disabilities who find it difficult to travel or wait in queues
- 🤲 Patients with Parkinson’s or arthritis who struggle with ATMs or touchscreens
- 👁️ Visually impaired individuals who cannot read OTPs or navigate mobile apps
Now, they no longer need to rely on others. A simple facial scan at home, done by a postal banking agent, gives them instant, independent access to their accounts.
🏠 Banking at the Doorstep, with Dignity
IPPB’s trained postal staff bring more than just devices—they bring compassion, familiarity, and trust. Services are offered in 13 Indian languages, with personalized support to ensure that:
- Every customer feels understood
- Every interaction is seamless
- No one feels left out of the financial system
🤝 A Truly Inclusive Future
This initiative reflects a deeper commitment—financial dignity for all, regardless of age, ability, or location.
9. Alignment with Digital India and Financial Inclusion
India’s journey towards a digitally empowered economy is anchored in the visionary Digital India initiative launched by the Government of India. At its core lies the mission to ensure that technology is inclusive, accessible, and transformative for every citizen. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), with its innovative Aadhaar-based face authentication, is playing a pivotal role in realizing this vision.
📌 Digital India Vision:
“To transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.”
This vision isn’t just about internet access or mobile phones—it’s about creating systems that work for every Indian, especially those traditionally excluded from the digital ecosystem.
📲 IPPB’s Contribution to the Mission
IPPB stands as a bridge between India’s traditional postal legacy and its fintech future. By embedding cutting-edge technology into familiar local networks, IPPB is:
- 🚪 Bringing banking to every doorstep, including the remotest rural and tribal areas
- 💳 Supporting digital wallets, BHIM UPI, and Aadhaar-enabled mobile banking
- 🧑💼 Empowering 3 lakh postal employees to act as local digital banking facilitators
With face authentication, IPPB enables customers to:
- Access services without smartphones or passwords
- Bypass OTPs and complex interfaces
- Authenticate their identity in seconds using just their face
This makes banking faster, easier, and accessible even to the digitally uninitiated.
🔗 Face Authentication: The Perfect Fit
The Aadhaar-based face authentication system perfectly complements the Digital India and Financial Inclusion goals:
- 📶 Works in low-network areas
- 👵 Supports vulnerable populations like the elderly and differently-abled
- 💡 Encourages financial literacy and digital trust
- 💼 Opens the doors of formal finance to unbanked and underbanked communities
🚀 Driving India Toward an Inclusive Digital Future
IPPB is not just delivering banking services; it is building digital confidence among people who have never used a smartphone or visited a bank. Through its grassroots approach, technology becomes human, familiar, and empowering.
10. Real-world Applications & Use Cases
While digital banking has revolutionized financial access in urban India, for rural and underserved populations, access to reliable and user-friendly services often remains a challenge. That’s where India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) steps in—with its Aadhaar-based face authentication, everyday banking becomes not just available, but truly effortless, even in the most remote corners of the country.
🏠 Opening Bank Accounts at the Doorstep
Gone are the days when opening a bank account meant standing in long queues or submitting piles of documents. Now, IPPB agents can open new bank accounts right at your home, using a simple face scan linked to your Aadhaar. No forms, no fingerprint hassle—just a few taps and a look into the camera.
📲 Balance Enquiries & Mini Statements in Seconds
Customers, especially senior citizens and first-time users, often feel overwhelmed using ATMs or apps. With face authentication:
- 💰 Checking your balance is as easy as a selfie
- 📃 Getting a mini statement happens in real-time, without internet dependency
It’s banking that speaks your language—literally, since IPPB supports 13 Indian languages.
💸 Fund Transfers Made Simple
Whether it's transferring money to family or receiving Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) from government schemes, face-based verification ensures the transaction is fast and foolproof. It eliminates errors caused by incorrect OTPs or biometric failures.
💡 Paying Utility Bills from Rural Homes
Now rural households can:
- 🔌 Pay electricity bills
- 📞 Recharge mobile phones
- 🛢️ Pay gas and water charges
—without leaving their homes or visiting distant counters. IPPB agents act as digital facilitators, making daily life smoother and more connected.
📑 Insurance Premiums & Financial Services Access
From micro-insurance to small savings products, the same secure face-authentication platform is used for:
- 🛡️ Premium payments
- 📆 Reminders and renewals
- 📈 Financial planning support for rural families
🤝 Comfort, Safety, and Dignity
Every service is delivered by a trained IPPB agent, ensuring privacy, respect, and zero physical strain. Especially post-COVID, contactless banking at home adds a layer of safety and reassurance.
11. Challenges and Data Privacy Considerations
As India moves boldly toward a digitally inclusive banking ecosystem, powered by Aadhaar-based face authentication, it’s vital to recognize that technological innovation must walk hand-in-hand with responsibility. For India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), ensuring data privacy, ethical use, and operational consistency are just as critical as the rollout itself.
⚠️ Challenges on the Ground
While the face authentication technology is transformative, IPPB faces several real-world implementation challenges, particularly in rural and tribal zones:
- 🌑 Low-light conditions in rural homes or outdoor environments can affect facial recognition accuracy, requiring enhanced camera calibration or auxiliary lighting.
- 👩🏫 Training of postal agents is crucial—not just in using the technology, but also in understanding the importance of privacy, consent, and ethical handling of sensitive biometric data.
- 📡 Connectivity issues in extremely remote areas can delay real-time verification, though some offline capabilities are in development.
IPPB continues to address these concerns through ongoing upgrades, hands-on training, and strategic support to ensure service quality across geographies.
🔐 Data Privacy: The Core Commitment
Security is not an afterthought—it is foundational to IPPB’s Aadhaar-enabled services. Backed by UIDAI protocols and the Personal Data Protection Bill (India), several layers of privacy protection are in place:
- 🔒 All data transmitted is fully encrypted using UIDAI’s secure APIs and authentication layers.
- ❌ No biometric templates or face images are stored locally on devices used by agents—once the authentication is done, data is deleted.
- ✅ Every face-based transaction requires explicit user consent and creates an auditable trail to ensure transparency and accountability.
These safeguards reinforce customer trust—the cornerstone of digital banking adoption in India.
🛡️ Legal and Ethical Governance
India’s emerging data protection laws, along with UIDAI’s strict guidelines, ensure that digital identity verification is not only efficient but also privacy-respecting and legally compliant.
12. Global Context: How India’s Move Stands Out
In an era where nations are racing to build inclusive digital economies, India’s rollout of Aadhaar-based face authentication through India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) marks a global milestone. While countries like Estonia, Kenya, and Singapore have made strides in biometric-enabled governance and banking, India is the first to implement such technology at this scale, especially in financial services.
🌍 India vs. the World: Scale and Reach
What makes India’s initiative truly exceptional is the combination of vast population, deep rural outreach, and government-backed infrastructure:
- ✅ Over 1.35 billion people enrolled in Aadhaar—making it the world’s largest biometric identity system
- 🏤 More than 1.65 lakh post offices, with agents reaching even the most remote tribal regions
- 📲 Services available in 13 languages, offering digital banking to over 11 crore customers
In contrast, while Estonia and Singapore have advanced digital ID systems, their population sizes and rural complexities don’t compare to India's magnitude. Kenya has pioneered mobile banking through M-PESA, but India’s fusion of Aadhaar, face authentication, and postal reach is unparalleled.
🔍 A Global Case Study in Financial Inclusion
This rollout has caught the attention of global digital policy analysts, who see India as a testbed for responsible, large-scale fintech innovation. What sets it apart:
- 🌐 A government-owned platform (IPPB) acting as a trust anchor for digital services
- 📦 Combining legacy infrastructure (postal services) with cutting-edge face biometrics
- 🧓 Targeting traditionally excluded populations: elderly, disabled, rural poor
As developing nations explore identity-linked financial inclusion, India’s approach offers a blueprint: secure, consent-based, and scalable.
🛡️ Trust, Technology, and Transformation
India’s initiative isn't just about innovation—it’s about digital dignity. By ensuring access to banking through a simple face scan, India is redefining how technology serves its people—not the other way around.
13. The Road Ahead
The launch of Aadhaar-based face authentication by India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is not just a technological achievement—it’s the first bold step toward a future where banking becomes effortless, secure, and inclusive for all Indians. As the digital landscape evolves, this foundational innovation paves the way for even more cutting-edge, citizen-centric financial tools.
🚀 What’s Coming Next?
Face authentication is only the beginning. With rapid digital penetration and India's robust identity infrastructure in place, the road ahead holds exciting possibilities:
-
🗣️ Voice Authentication
Ideal for visually impaired and non-literate users, voice-based verification will add another layer of accessibility to India’s financial ecosystem—especially for vernacular language speakers. -
👵 AI-Assisted Elder Financial Management
Artificial Intelligence could help monitor transaction patterns of senior citizens to prevent fraud, enable automatic bill payments, and offer reminders for pension receipts or medical insurance renewals. -
🏧 Facial Authentication-Enabled ATMs
Say goodbye to cards and PINs. Future ATMs could use facial scans to withdraw cash—contactless, secure, and hygienic, particularly helpful in rural or semi-urban areas. -
💸 Seamless Pension Disbursement
Monthly pensions or government schemes could be delivered directly and instantly through facial recognition, eliminating the need for paperwork, branch visits, or biometric failures.
🌐 The Infrastructure That Will Make It Happen
India’s ongoing rollout of 5G and BharatNet will be a game-changer:
- 📡 Enhanced connectivity in over six lakh villages
- 🚀 High-speed internet enabling real-time authentication and services
- 🏘️ Rural and tribal areas will finally have the digital infrastructure to support advanced financial services
These developments will allow IPPB and other institutions to scale next-gen banking solutions across all demographics.
14. Conclusion: A New Face of Indian Banking
The launch of Aadhaar-based face authentication by India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) marks a transformative moment in India’s push toward inclusive, secure, and accessible digital banking. It goes beyond being a tech upgrade—it’s a powerful message of financial equality.
For too long, senior citizens, differently-abled individuals, and those in rural or tribal areas have faced barriers in accessing basic banking services. With a simple facial scan, these hurdles are now being removed—no fingerprints, no OTPs, no digital literacy required. Just dignity, ease, and access.
This innovation aligns seamlessly with the vision of Digital India and the celebrations of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, symbolizing freedom of financial participation for every citizen—irrespective of geography or ability.
From pension disbursements to bill payments, from account openings to fund transfers, face authentication is reshaping how India banks—especially at the grassroots.
15. FAQs
❓ What is Aadhaar-based face authentication?
A method to verify identity using a facial scan linked to Aadhaar, without requiring OTPs or fingerprints.
❓ Who can benefit most from this feature?
Elderly, differently-abled individuals, and rural citizens with poor access to digital banking tools.
❓ Is it secure to use facial recognition for banking?
Yes. It’s UIDAI-certified and data is encrypted. No biometric template is stored.
❓ Can I open an account using face authentication?
Yes. IPPB supports account opening, fund transfers, and payments via this method.
❓ What do I need to use this feature?
Just your Aadhaar and your face! IPPB agents will carry facial recognition-enabled devices.
References
India Post Payments Bank. (2025, August 1). India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) launches Aadhaar-based face authentication for seamless and inclusive digital banking. Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Communications, Government of India. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2049362
Unique Identification Authority of India. (n.d.). Face authentication: UIDAI innovation for ease of living. UIDAI. https://uidai.gov.in
Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology. (n.d.). Digital India Programme. Government of India. https://www.digitalindia.gov.in
Reserve Bank of India. (2023). Financial inclusion index: Measurement of financial services access. RBI Publications. https://www.rbi.org.in
World Bank. (2023). The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial inclusion, digital payments, and resilience through a crisis. https://globalfindex.worldbank.org
Press Information Bureau. (2025). Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav: Celebrating 75 years of India’s independence. Government of India. https://amritmahotsav.nic.in
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