India Must Monitor Pakistan’s Trump-Backed Crypto Push Amid Security, Terror Finance, and Blockchain Geopolitics

Crypto Crossroads: Why India Must Monitor Pakistan’s Trump-Linked Blockchain Ambitions

- Dr.Sanjaykumar pawar

Crypto Crossroads: Why India Must Monitor Pakistan’s Trump-Linked Blockchain Ambitions


Table of Contents:

  1. Introduction
  2. Pakistan’s Crypto Pivot: From Ban to Boom
  3. The Trump Connection: World Liberty Financial’s Role
  4. Strategic Implications for India
  5. Regulatory Landscape: Pakistan vs. India
  6. Economic and Security Concerns
  7. Conclusion
  8. FAQs

1. Introduction

In today’s rapidly changing financial world, cryptocurrencies are reshaping how people and governments think about money. These digital assets bring exciting opportunities—faster transactions, decentralized control, and new forms of investment—but they also pose serious challenges, especially around regulation and security. For India, it’s essential to stay alert to developments in neighboring countries. A recent example is Pakistan’s growing involvement in the crypto space. Of particular interest is its partnership with World Liberty Financial (WLF), a company reportedly tied to former U.S. President Donald Trump. This move goes beyond simple financial collaboration; it signals a deeper shift in regional dynamics. Such developments could carry economic, political, and even security implications for India. As digital currencies become more influential on the world stage, understanding their impact on international relationships and national interests becomes increasingly important. India must consider both the promise and the risk that cryptocurrencies present—not just within its borders, but in the broader geopolitical context. This introduction aims to set the stage for a deeper discussion on how India's crypto strategy might evolve in response to regional trends and alliances, especially as its neighbors make bold moves in this digital frontier.


2. Pakistan’s Crypto Pivot: From Ban to Boom

Once wary of the cryptocurrency revolution, Pakistan is now rapidly embracing it. For years, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) maintained a strict stance against digital currencies, citing concerns over financial fraud, money laundering, and economic instability. In 2018, it banned banks from facilitating crypto transactions, effectively putting a lid on the industry. But in early 2025, the tide began to turn.

At the heart of this transformation is the Pakistan Crypto Council (PCC), a government-backed body formed to regulate, support, and develop the country’s digital asset landscape. Spearheaded by Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb and tech entrepreneur Bilal Bin Saqib, the PCC marks a dramatic shift in Pakistan's policy direction.

The council is not just about regulation—it represents a forward-thinking approach to financial innovation. Its main goals include establishing clear legal frameworks for crypto trading, ensuring investor protection, and integrating blockchain solutions into public and private sectors. By doing so, the PCC seeks to build trust in the system while reducing the risks that previously fueled skepticism.

What’s fueling this pivot? Pakistan’s economic leadership sees digital assets not as a threat, but as an opportunity. Amid ongoing challenges with foreign reserves and access to international financial markets, cryptocurrencies offer a new avenue for attracting foreign investment and fostering tech-driven growth. Additionally, blockchain's transparency and efficiency could improve everything from supply chain logistics to land records and digital identity systems.

The PCC is also taking a global outlook, working with international crypto organizations to align with global best practices. This collaborative stance sends a strong message: Pakistan wants to be a serious player in the global digital economy, not just a passive observer.

The transformation is already gaining traction. Local startups in fintech and blockchain are emerging, and educational campaigns are being launched to inform the public about crypto safety and opportunities. While the road ahead still requires cautious navigation, Pakistan’s crypto pivot is a powerful example of how countries can adapt, innovate, and leap forward.

From ban to boom, Pakistan’s evolving stance on cryptocurrency is not just a policy shift—it’s a vision for a more digitally inclusive and economically resilient future.


3. The Trump Connection: World Liberty Financial’s Role

In a development that’s sparked widespread curiosity and debate, Pakistan's recent alignment with World Liberty Financial (WLF) has added a bold new dimension to its digital transformation journey. The deal, made official through a Letter of Intent in April 2025, marks a strategic step by Pakistan’s government to explore decentralized finance—or DeFi—on an unprecedented scale. But what really turned heads was the entity backing WLF: none other than former U.S. President Donald Trump.

The involvement of Trump, a controversial yet undeniably influential figure in global politics and business, has given the partnership a high-profile spotlight. WLF, his brainchild in the blockchain space, promotes a vision of financial autonomy through stablecoins and decentralized platforms. Representing WLF in Pakistan was a delegation led by Zachary Witkoff, a well-known face in real estate and crypto finance circles. Their meetings with key Pakistani leaders—including the Prime Minister and Army Chief—weren’t just symbolic. They marked a genuine willingness on both sides to rethink conventional economic models and bet big on digital finance.

For Pakistan, this partnership isn’t just about technology—it’s about repositioning itself in the global financial arena. In recent years, Pakistan has grappled with economic uncertainty, currency volatility, and limited access to traditional financial infrastructure, especially in rural and underserved areas. DeFi promises an alternative: a borderless, efficient, and transparent system that could open new doors for investment, innovation, and inclusion.

Of course, tying up with a Trump-affiliated project adds political weight. While some critics see this as risky, others view it as a pragmatic move—one that aligns Pakistan with powerful business interests and accelerates its access to cutting-edge financial tools.

The vision is clear: to establish Pakistan as a pioneering hub for blockchain innovation and stablecoin deployment in the region. The WLF partnership could bring not only technology and investment but also global attention to Pakistan’s digital economy. If executed well, it could catalyze meaningful change—empowering citizens, modernizing systems, and potentially attracting a new wave of international partnerships.

While much remains to be seen, the Trump connection ensures that the world will be watching closely. Whether it’s a calculated gamble or a visionary leap, Pakistan has unmistakably put its stake in the future of finance.


4. Strategic Implications for India

  • Security Concerns:

  • Geopolitical Dynamics:

  • Economic Competition:   

India must remain vigilant and responsive to recent developments in Pakistan’s crypto and blockchain landscape. The implications go beyond just technology—they touch on security, geopolitics, and economic competition. Here's why it matters:

  • National Security Risks

    • Cryptocurrencies, by nature, operate on decentralized networks.
    • This can enable anonymous or untraceable cross-border transactions.
    • Such a financial environment could be exploited for money laundering, terror financing, or illegal arms funding.
    • If not properly monitored, these risks can spill over into India, especially given the history of cross-border tensions.
  • Geopolitical Shifts and Diplomatic Calculations

    • Reports of a Trump-linked firm engaging in Pakistan’s crypto space may have far-reaching political implications.
    • This external involvement suggests potential U.S. interest or influence in the region’s tech infrastructure.
    • It could indirectly shift regional alliances or enhance Pakistan’s diplomatic leverage in global forums.
    • India must assess whether this move is part of a broader geopolitical strategy, and respond accordingly to safeguard its regional interests.
  • Tech and Economic Rivalry in South Asia

    • Pakistan’s early adoption of blockchain and openness to crypto ventures might attract international investors and developers.
    • This could lead to the formation of a crypto-tech hub in Pakistan, possibly challenging India’s digital leadership in the region.
    • India, being a major IT and fintech powerhouse, cannot afford to fall behind in embracing emerging technologies.
    • Proactive investment in blockchain R&D, regulatory clarity, and digital asset policy could help India maintain its competitive edge.
  • Need for Policy Clarity and Innovation Support

    • India’s regulatory ambiguity around cryptocurrencies can deter innovation and drive talent abroad.
    • A well-balanced approach—ensuring security while encouraging innovation—is crucial.
    • Strategic partnerships, global collaboration, and a transparent legal framework will empower India to lead responsibly in the Web3 era.
  • Conclusion

    • The developments in Pakistan’s crypto space are not isolated—they reflect a growing global trend.
    • For India, the challenge is not just to counter these moves, but to use them as motivation to strengthen its own position.
    • A thoughtful, future-ready strategy will ensure India remains secure, competitive, and influential in shaping the digital economy.

5. Regulatory Landscape: Pakistan vs. India

Pakistan and India are navigating the complex world of cryptocurrency regulation, but their approaches reflect contrasting priorities. In Pakistan, there's a notable shift toward formalization with the establishment of the Pakistan Crypto Council (PCC). This move suggests that the country is beginning to see the value in regulating crypto markets rather than ignoring them. It’s a step toward creating a safer environment for innovation, investment, and consumer protection in the digital finance space.

India, on the other hand, has taken a more cautious and conservative route. While cryptocurrency is not banned, it also isn’t recognized as legal tender. The government has often signaled its discomfort with widespread crypto use, citing risks like financial instability and illegal activities. Despite this, millions of Indians continue to trade and invest in digital assets, showing a disconnect between policy and public interest.

As global sentiment shifts and countries begin to embrace blockchain and digital currencies, India may need to rethink its regulatory position to avoid falling behind in financial innovation. A balanced, forward-thinking approach could help both nations harness the benefits of crypto while managing the risks, ultimately boosting their digital economies.


6. Economic and Security Concerns

Economic Aspects:

  • Remittances: .

  • Investment Attraction:

Security Aspects:

  • Money Laundering:

  • Terror Financing: 

As Pakistan navigates the rapidly evolving digital financial landscape, it faces a delicate balancing act between leveraging economic opportunities and mitigating security threats—especially in the realm of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology.

Economic Aspects:

One of the key motivations driving Pakistan’s interest in blockchain is the potential to transform how remittances are handled. With millions of Pakistanis working abroad, remittances are a vital part of the country’s economy. The government is exploring blockchain technology to make these transactions faster, cheaper, and more transparent. Traditional money transfer methods can be costly and time-consuming, especially for low-income workers sending small amounts home. Blockchain can streamline the process, cut intermediary fees, and ensure that more of the money sent by workers actually reaches their families.

In addition to enhancing remittance systems, Pakistan is also aiming to attract international investors by establishing a clear regulatory framework for digital assets. Creating a structured and secure environment can signal to global tech firms and fintech startups that the country is open for innovation. With proper regulations in place, Pakistan hopes to position itself as a regional hub for emerging technologies, encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation while boosting its digital economy.

Security Aspects:

However, these economic ambitions come with significant security concerns. One of the most pressing is the potential for cryptocurrencies to be used in money laundering. Because transactions on some crypto platforms can be anonymous or difficult to trace, they may appeal to those seeking to hide illicit funds. Without effective oversight and safeguards, this anonymity can be exploited by criminals to move money undetected.

Even more alarming is the risk of terror financing. Unregulated crypto exchanges and peer-to-peer transactions can be used to fund extremist activities, posing a direct threat to national and regional security. Law enforcement agencies may struggle to track these decentralized transactions, making it harder to identify and prevent the financing of such operations.

To address these issues, Pakistan must develop robust monitoring systems and collaborate with international partners to track suspicious activity. Implementing Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) policies is essential to safeguard against misuse.

In conclusion, while blockchain and cryptocurrencies offer Pakistan valuable economic opportunities, they also demand a vigilant and proactive approach to security. Balancing innovation with regulation will be key to ensuring long-term benefits for the country and its people.


7. Conclusions

Pakistan's growing interest in cryptocurrencies marks a pivotal moment in its financial evolution. The recent collaborations with global entities like the World Legal Forum (WLF) indicate a strategic pivot toward digital finance, aiming to modernize the economy and attract international innovation. This move could open new avenues for financial inclusion, investment, and cross-border trade for Pakistan, positioning it as a forward-thinking player in the region.

For India, this shift presents both a challenge and an opportunity. As its neighbor takes steps toward integrating crypto into its financial system, India must carefully observe these developments. It's not just about matching the pace but understanding the broader implications—economic competitiveness, digital infrastructure, regulatory agility, and even national security.

A balanced and informed approach will be critical. India’s policymakers might need to revisit their regulatory frameworks, enhance inter-agency coordination, and foster innovation while safeguarding against risks. As Pakistan experiments with digital assets under international guidance, India must prepare to navigate the evolving crypto landscape thoughtfully and strategically.

The Pakistan Information Department’s active role in shaping and communicating these changes signals a coordinated national effort. It’s a space worth watching closely as it could redefine regional financial dynamics in the years to come.


8. FAQs

Q1: What is the Pakistan Crypto Council (PCC)?
The Pakistan Crypto Council (PCC) is a group that promotes the use and understanding of cryptocurrencies in Pakistan. It works to help set rules and raise awareness about digital currencies.

Q2: What is World Liberty Financial (WLF)?
World Liberty Financial (WLF) is a U.S.-based financial company that supports crypto-related projects around the world. It partners with groups like PCC to grow the crypto industry.

Q3: Why should India be concerned about Pakistan's crypto developments?
India may worry that crypto in Pakistan could be used for illegal activities like money laundering or funding terrorism. Also, faster crypto growth in Pakistan might affect regional financial security.

Q4: How does Pakistan plan to regulate cryptocurrencies?
Pakistan plans to create clear laws and a legal framework for using cryptocurrencies. The goal is to control crypto use while encouraging innovation and investment.

Q5: What is India's current stance on cryptocurrencies?
India has not fully banned crypto, but it has strict rules. It taxes crypto profits heavily and is working on global cooperation to regulate cryptocurrencies.


National Accounts Statistics 2025: In-Depth Analysis of India’s Economic Performance, GDP, GVA & Sectoral Insights

National Accounts Statistics 2025: A Deep Dive into India's Economic Pulses

- Dr.Sanjaykumar Pawar
National Accounts Statistics 2025: A Deep Dive into India's Economic Pulses

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. What is the National Accounts Statistics (NAS)?
  3. Key Highlights of NAS 2025
  4. Understanding GDP and GVA: Core Indicators of Growth
  5. Sectoral Performance: Agriculture, Industry, and Services
  6. Consumption, Savings, and Capital Formation
  7. Institutional Sector Accounts: Households, Corporates, and Government
  8. External Transactions and Financial Accounts
  9. Data Insights and Economic Implications
  10. Visual Summary of Key Trends (Graphs & Charts)
  11. Expert Opinions and Policy Insights
  12. Conclusion: Why NAS Matters for India’s Future
  13. FAQs

1. Introduction

On May 16, 2025, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) officially released the much-anticipated National Accounts Statistics (NAS) – 2025. This comprehensive economic report arrives at a critical juncture for India, as the country navigates a dynamic phase defined by post-pandemic recovery, rapid digital transformation, and shifting global geopolitical landscapes.

The NAS 2025 serves as a vital tool to assess India’s macroeconomic health, offering detailed insights into GDP growth trends, sectoral performance, consumption patterns, and investment flows. In an era where data drives decision-making, this annual report is more than just a statistical release—it’s a mirror reflecting the economic pulse of the nation.

This blog provides a deep-dive into the key highlights of NAS 2025, aiming to decode complex economic indicators in a way that's clear, accessible, and relevant. Whether you're a researcher, policy analyst, financial investor, or simply a curious citizen, you’ll find value in this analytical overview.

We blend expert interpretation with data-driven insights to help readers understand the broader implications of these numbers on India’s economy. From fiscal policy to employment trends, this walkthrough aims to make economic data relatable and actionable in today’s fast-evolving landscape.


2. What is the National Accounts Statistics (NAS)?

The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) is one of the most authoritative and comprehensive economic publications released annually by India’s Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). It provides an in-depth snapshot of the country’s economic landscape, capturing everything from national income to savings, consumption, production, and investments. These numbers aren’t just figures on a page—they are critical tools that help policymakers, economists, investors, and researchers assess the performance, structure, and direction of the Indian economy.

The NAS is compiled in alignment with the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA), which ensures that India’s economic statistics are comparable on a global scale. This international standard also guarantees statistical accuracy, transparency, and consistency across economic indicators.

The NAS 2025 provides a detailed account of various macroeconomic aggregates, offering data that is not only extensive but also refined for meaningful interpretation. Key highlights include:

  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Value Added (GVA) estimates, provided at both current prices and constant prices (base year: 2011-12). These estimates help track economic growth in real terms, discounting inflationary effects.

  • A comprehensive sectoral performance analysis, breaking down contributions from agriculture, industry, and services—the three pillars of India’s economy.

  • Detailed data on consumption trends and capital formation, offering insights into how resources are being used and where investments are being made.

  • An institutional sector breakdown, covering the economic behavior and financial activities of households, private corporations, and government entities.

Understanding NAS is crucial for anyone looking to grasp the underlying dynamics of India’s economic engine. It not only informs budgetary planning and monetary policy but also guides private investment, academic research, and public discourse.

In a fast-changing global economy, having accurate and timely national accounts is more important than ever. Whether you're analyzing GDP growth, tracking sectoral shifts, or evaluating household spending patterns, NAS serves as a trusted foundation for making informed economic decisions.

For those who want to stay ahead of the curve in economic analysis in India, the National Accounts Statistics is a must-read document that brings clarity and depth to the country’s financial story.


3. Key Highlights of NAS 2025

  • GDP growth for FY 2023–24 (First Revised Estimate): 7.3% at constant prices.
  • GVA growth for FY 2023–24: 6.9% at constant prices.
  • Final GDP for FY 2022–23: Revised to 7.2% from earlier estimates.
  • Savings rate: Marginal improvement to 30.4% of GDP.
  • Investment (GFCF) growth: Strong recovery in infrastructure and manufacturing.

The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) 2025 offers a wealth of data that paints a detailed picture of India’s economic performance during the fiscal years 2022–23 and 2023–24. These key highlights provide valuable insights into growth trends, investment patterns, and overall economic health, which are critical for policymakers, investors, economists, and business leaders.

One of the standout figures in NAS 2025 is the GDP growth rate for FY 2023–24, which has been estimated at a robust 7.3% at constant prices. This strong growth reflects India’s resilience amid global economic uncertainties and signals a continuing recovery from the pandemic-induced slowdown. Alongside GDP, the Gross Value Added (GVA) growth for the same period is pegged at 6.9%, highlighting solid expansion across core economic sectors like agriculture, industry, and services.

Looking back, the final GDP growth for FY 2022–23 was revised upward to 7.2% from earlier projections, underscoring a better-than-expected economic performance during that period. This upward revision offers renewed confidence in India’s growth trajectory.

The savings rate also shows a marginal but meaningful improvement, rising to 30.4% of GDP. This indicates that households and businesses are increasingly able to set aside resources, which can fuel future investment and economic stability.

Speaking of investment, the growth in Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) stands out as a strong signal of economic vitality. NAS 2025 highlights a significant recovery in investment, particularly in infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. This rebound is critical because sustained investment is a key driver of long-term economic growth, job creation, and technological advancement.

These key updates reflect the dual impact of India’s ongoing structural reforms—like digitalization, labor law changes, and ease of doing business initiatives—alongside global macroeconomic headwinds such as inflationary pressures and geopolitical tensions.

Overall, the data presented in NAS 2025 provides an empirical foundation for crafting targeted fiscal policies and monetary strategies that can support sustainable growth. For anyone tracking India’s economic pulse, these statistics are essential for understanding where the country stands today and what lies ahead.

By closely analyzing these NAS 2025 highlights, stakeholders can make informed decisions that align with India’s evolving economic landscape and future opportunities.


4. Understanding GDP and GVA: Core Indicators of Growth

GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country. GVA (Gross Value Added) captures the value added in production by various sectors, excluding net taxes on products.

Indicator 2022-23 (Final) 2023-24 (First Revised)
GDP at Constant Prices Rs. 173.5 lakh crore Rs. 186.1 lakh crore
GVA at Constant Prices Rs. 157.2 lakh crore Rs. 167.7 lakh crore

These figures show a strong post-COVID rebound, driven by services and manufacturing, while agriculture remained stable.

GDP, or Gross Domestic Product, is the broadest measure of economic activity. It represents the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country over a specific period. Simply put, GDP tells us how much value India’s economy has created through manufacturing, services, agriculture, and other sectors combined. It is often seen as a snapshot of overall economic strength and growth.

On the other hand, Gross Value Added (GVA) offers a more focused view. GVA measures the value generated by different sectors of the economy—such as agriculture, industry, and services—after subtracting the cost of inputs but before accounting for taxes on products. GVA helps break down the contribution of each sector, providing a clearer picture of what drives economic growth at a granular level.

According to the latest data from NAS 2025, India’s GDP at constant prices rose from Rs. 173.5 lakh crore in FY 2022–23 (final estimate) to an estimated Rs. 186.1 lakh crore for FY 2023–24 (first revised estimate). This impressive increase signals a strong post-pandemic rebound.

Similarly, the GVA at constant prices grew from Rs. 157.2 lakh crore in FY 2022–23 to approximately Rs. 167.7 lakh crore in FY 2023–24, reflecting robust economic activity across key sectors.

This growth has been largely fueled by the vibrant services sector, which continues to expand rapidly, and a revitalized manufacturing sector, benefiting from government initiatives like Make in India and infrastructure development. Meanwhile, the agriculture sector has remained steady, providing a stable foundation amidst these dynamic changes.

Understanding these indicators—GDP and GVA—not only helps policymakers formulate effective economic strategies but also enables investors, analysts, and citizens to gauge the economy’s trajectory. As India continues to navigate the complexities of global markets, these core metrics offer invaluable insights into its ongoing journey toward sustainable and inclusive growth.

Tracking GDP and GVA trends from NAS 2025 is essential for anyone seeking a clear, data-driven view of India’s economic landscape today and in the future.


5. Sectoral Performance: Agriculture, Industry, and Services

India’s economic growth story is deeply rooted in the performance of its three main sectors: agriculture, industry, and services. Each sector plays a unique role, contributing to the overall health and sustainability of the economy. The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) 2025 provides valuable insights into how these sectors performed during the fiscal year 2023–24, reflecting both challenges and opportunities.

Agriculture

The agriculture sector experienced a moderate growth rate of 3.5% in 2023–24. This slowdown compared to previous years is largely attributed to erratic monsoon patterns, which have become increasingly unpredictable due to climate change. Despite these challenges, crop output still managed to grow by 2.2%, supported by advances in technology and better irrigation practices. Notably, the livestock sector showed stronger growth, contributing more significantly to the overall agricultural performance. This steady resilience in agriculture is crucial, given that it provides livelihoods to nearly half of India’s population and remains a key driver for rural income and food security.

Industry

The industrial sector bounced back impressively with a growth rate of 6.8% in 2023–24, signaling robust recovery and expansion. Within this sector, manufacturing led the charge, growing by 7.4%, fueled by government initiatives such as Make in India, improved infrastructure, and rising domestic demand. The construction sector recorded an even higher growth of 9.1%, driven by infrastructure projects, urban development, and affordable housing schemes. Meanwhile, mining and quarrying showed steady growth at 5.6%, reflecting sustained demand for raw materials in both domestic and export markets. Together, these sub-sectors underline India’s strides toward industrial modernization and diversification.

Services

Continuing its role as the backbone of the Indian economy, the services sector achieved a remarkable growth rate of 8.1% in 2023–24. Key contributors to this growth include trade, hotels, and transport, which expanded by 9.6%, benefiting from rising domestic consumption and improved connectivity. Financial services also grew strongly at 7.3%, reflecting increased banking activity, digital payments, and investment flows. Additionally, real estate and professional services posted solid growth of 6.8%, driven by urbanization and demand for commercial and residential spaces.

Together, these sectoral performances illustrate a balanced and dynamic economic recovery. Understanding the nuances behind agriculture, industry, and services growth is essential for grasping India’s overall economic momentum and planning for future development.


6. Consumption, Savings, and Capital Formation

A critical component of India’s economic growth story lies in the interplay between consumption, savings, and capital formation. The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) 2025 provides a detailed look at these key indicators, offering valuable insights into the country’s evolving economic behavior and long-term growth potential.

Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)

In FY 2023–24, Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)—which represents household spending on goods and services—accounted for 58.1% of India’s GDP. This strong share reflects the country’s growing domestic demand, particularly in urban and semi-urban areas. Higher consumer spending suggests improved income levels, rising aspirations, and increased access to credit. Sectors like retail, e-commerce, FMCG, and services have particularly benefited from this surge, positioning consumption as a key driver of India’s economic engine.

Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)

On the investment front, Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) grew by an impressive 8.4% in 2023–24. This marks a strong rebound in capital spending, especially in critical areas like infrastructure development and corporate capital expenditure (Capex). Government-led investments in highways, railways, and renewable energy, alongside increased private sector spending in manufacturing and technology, have played a major role in boosting capital formation. This is a positive sign for long-term productivity, job creation, and overall economic competitiveness.

Savings Rate

India’s gross domestic savings rate also showed encouraging signs of recovery, rising to 30.4% of GDP. This improvement is primarily attributed to increased savings by both households and corporate entities. A higher savings rate enhances the availability of domestic capital, which in turn can fund future investments without over-reliance on foreign borrowing. In an environment marked by global financial volatility, robust domestic savings provide a buffer and enable greater economic self-reliance.


Together, these three pillars—consumption, savings, and capital formation—offer a balanced view of India’s macroeconomic stability. While consumption reflects the economy’s present strength, investment and savings shape its future trajectory. The trends outlined in NAS 2025 underscore a resilient, maturing economy that is not only bouncing back but building a stronger foundation for sustainable and inclusive growth.

For investors, analysts, and policymakers tracking India’s economic trends in 2025, these indicators offer crucial guidance for strategic decisions and forward-looking policy frameworks.


7. Institutional Sector Accounts: Households, Corporates, and Government

The Institutional Sector Accounts presented in NAS 2025 offer valuable insights into how different segments of the economy—households, private corporations, and the government—contribute to and influence India’s macroeconomic landscape. By analyzing their behavior in terms of savings, investments, and capital formation, we gain a clearer picture of the economic ecosystem and its key drivers.

Households: India’s Economic Backbone

Households continue to be the largest contributors to national savings, accounting for nearly 60% of the total savings. This consistent trend reflects the traditional savings-oriented mindset of Indian families, which plays a critical role in funding investments and sustaining the economy’s capital base. NAS 2025 also reports an increase in household financial asset holdings, including deposits, insurance, and mutual fund investments. This shift suggests rising financial literacy, greater trust in formal financial instruments, and the expanding reach of digital financial services across urban and rural areas.

Private Corporations: Driving Capital Formation

The role of private corporations in India's economic expansion is becoming more prominent. In FY 2023–24, this sector witnessed double-digit growth in capital formation, indicating increased business confidence and a strong rebound in corporate investment. A notable rise in retained earnings and reinvestments suggests that companies are not only earning more but also choosing to reinvest profits rather than distribute them as dividends. This behavior is healthy for long-term growth, as it signals internal funding of expansion, innovation, and job creation.

Government: Stability and Strategic Investment

The government sector maintained a stable fiscal deficit, reflecting prudent fiscal management in a challenging global environment. At the same time, the public sector’s Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) showed a notable increase, driven primarily by large-scale infrastructure investments under initiatives like PM Gati Shakti. This flagship scheme is focused on multi-modal connectivity and infrastructure modernization, helping to lay the groundwork for long-term economic productivity and competitiveness.


In summary, NAS 2025's institutional sector analysis highlights the interdependent roles of households, private enterprises, and the government. Together, their behaviors shape the trajectory of India’s economic growth. For anyone interested in Indian economic policy, investment planning, or macroeconomic trends, understanding these institutional dynamics is essential for informed decision-making. 


8. External Transactions and Financial Accounts

  • Current Account Deficit (CAD): Narrowed to 1.4% of GDP.
  • Exports: Modest growth at 4.2%, led by services.
  • Imports: Grew by 3.8%, driven by crude and electronics.
  • Net Financial Assets of Households: Increased due to declining liabilities.

The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) 2025 also sheds light on India’s external sector and financial accounts, offering key insights into how the country interacts with the global economy and how domestic financial health is evolving—particularly for households.

One of the most notable improvements is the Current Account Deficit (CAD), which narrowed significantly to 1.4% of GDP in FY 2023–24. This marks a healthy shift compared to previous years and suggests better balance in India’s international trade and capital flows. A lower CAD indicates that the country is managing its imports and exports more efficiently, reducing reliance on foreign capital and improving its external resilience.

Exports registered a modest growth of 4.2%, with the services sector leading the charge—particularly in areas such as software, business process outsourcing (BPO), and digital services. This reflects India's growing strength in the global digital economy and continued competitiveness in high-value service exports.

Meanwhile, imports grew by 3.8%, primarily driven by essential commodities such as crude oil and high-demand electronics. While this signals strong domestic consumption and industrial demand, it also highlights India’s dependency on certain key imports, which could be vulnerable to global price fluctuations.

On the domestic front, the Net Financial Assets of Households showed a positive trend, increasing steadily as household liabilities declined. This is an encouraging sign of improving financial health among Indian families. Reduced debt levels combined with increased financial savings point to stronger household balance sheets, which are essential for boosting long-term economic stability and domestic consumption.

These trends underscore a balanced recovery path for India—one where external vulnerabilities are being contained while domestic financial fundamentals improve. The narrowing CAD, growing service exports, and healthier household finances all contribute to building a more resilient and self-reliant economy.

For economists, investors, and financial analysts, these indicators from NAS 2025 offer a clearer picture of India’s external position and internal financial strength. They also provide valuable direction for shaping trade policies, managing foreign exchange reserves, and ensuring sustainable financial inclusion.

In a global environment still recovering from economic shocks, India’s improving external and financial accounts reflect both strategic policymaking and the adaptive strength of its economy.


9. Data Insights and Economic Implications

Structural Shifts Observed:

  • Rise in GFCF to GDP ratio, signaling investment-led growth.
  • Continued tertiarization (services sector dominance).
  • Moderate rise in per capita income, Rs. 1.67 lakh (2023-24).

Policy Implications:

  • Need for rural infrastructure push.
  • Boosting agricultural productivity through tech.
  • Monitoring corporate debt levels.     

    The National Accounts Statistics (NAS) 2025 reveals key data-driven insights that offer a clearer understanding of India’s current economic trajectory. These insights not only reflect structural transformations within the economy but also point to crucial policy directions for sustained and inclusive growth.

    Structural Shifts Observed

    One of the most significant takeaways from NAS 2025 is the noticeable rise in the Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) to GDP ratio. This indicates a shift toward investment-led growth, suggesting increased capital expenditure by both public and private sectors. Higher GFCF levels typically signal long-term confidence in the economy, improved business sentiment, and a focus on infrastructure and industrial capacity building.

    Another visible trend is the continued tertiarization of the economy—where the services sector remains the dominant contributor to Gross Value Added (GVA). From financial services and IT to tourism and communication, the sector is not only driving GDP growth but also generating employment and fostering innovation. However, over-reliance on services could risk imbalances if not matched with progress in agriculture and manufacturing.

    Furthermore, per capita income has shown a moderate rise, reaching approximately Rs. 1.67 lakh for 2023–24. While this indicates positive growth, income distribution and rural-urban disparities remain areas of concern that need continuous monitoring.

    Policy Implications

    These structural shifts carry important economic policy implications. First, the data underlines the urgent need for a rural infrastructure push. Improving connectivity, storage, and logistics in rural areas can better integrate agricultural supply chains and open up new opportunities for rural livelihoods.

    Second, the report highlights the importance of boosting agricultural productivity using technology. Precision farming, data-driven irrigation systems, and smart supply chain solutions can help modernize the sector and make it more resilient to climate and market shocks.

    Lastly, as investment levels rise, so does corporate borrowing. Therefore, it becomes crucial to monitor corporate debt levels closely to avoid financial instability. Ensuring responsible lending practices, improved transparency, and regulatory oversight will be key in maintaining economic balance.

    In summary, NAS 2025 presents a roadmap of both progress and priority. These insights serve as valuable guidance for stakeholders looking to align their strategies with India’s evolving economic landscape.


10. Visual Summary of Key Trends

  • Graph 1: GDP & GVA Trends (2011-12 to 2023-24)

11. Expert Opinions and Policy Insights

Dr. Rajiv Kumar (Former NITI Aayog VC):

"The data reflects a resilient economy, but we must deepen capital investments in rural and digital infrastructure."

IMF India Report (2025):

"India’s medium-term growth prospects remain robust, with structural reforms and digital transformation enhancing productivity."


12. Conclusion: Why NAS Matters for India’s Future

The National Accounts Statistics – 2025 is far more than a collection of economic figures—it is a vital mirror reflecting the socio-economic heartbeat of India. At its core, NAS is a national compass, guiding decisions that affect every aspect of Indian life, from jobs and incomes to infrastructure and innovation.

For policymakers, NAS acts as a strategic planning toolkit, helping craft data-backed policies that address both short-term needs and long-term goals. For economists and researchers, it provides a rich, credible foundation to analyze growth patterns, economic disparities, and investment behavior. And for engaged citizens, NAS offers a powerful way to understand the country’s economic journey in relatable terms.

As India aims to achieve the ambitious target of becoming a $5 trillion economy, the relevance of NAS will only grow. It enables targeted interventions, highlights sectoral strengths and weaknesses, and supports the formulation of inclusive, sustainable, and equitable growth strategies.

In a world driven by data, understanding the insights provided by the National Accounts Statistics is key to shaping India’s economic destiny. It ensures that development is not only fast-paced but also fair, future-ready, and grounded in real-world economic realities.


13. FAQs

Q1. What is the difference between GDP and GVA?
A: GDP includes net taxes on products, while GVA excludes them and focuses on value addition by sectors.

Q2. What is the base year used in NAS 2025?
A: The base year is 2011-12, ensuring comparability with previous years.

Q3. Where can I access the full NAS 2025 publication?
A: It is available on the MoSPI official website: https://www.mospi.gov.in/publication/national-accounts-statistics-2025

Q4. Why is GFCF important?
A: Gross Fixed Capital Formation indicates the level of investment in the economy, a driver of future growth.

Q5. How reliable is NAS data?
A: It is compiled using administrative records, surveys, and international standards (UN SNA), making it highly credible.


Sources:

  • Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
  • Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Reports
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF) India Country Report
  • World Bank Development Indicators


India's Manufacturing Reset: Driving Growth Through Innovation, Technical Education & Engineering Excellence

A Fundamental Reset to Drive Manufacturing Growth in India

- Dr.Sanjaykumar Pawar
A Fundamental Reset to Drive Manufacturing Growth in India

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. The Global Manufacturing Shift: Challenges and Opportunities
  3. India’s Manufacturing Landscape: Current Status and Initiatives
  4. The Imperative of Technical Education and Core Engineering
  5. Innovation and R&D: Catalysts for Growth
  6. Policy Reforms and Government Initiatives
  7. Case Studies: Success Stories in Indian Manufacturing
  8. Visualizing the Future: Data and Trends
  9. Conclusion
  10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Introduction

The global manufacturing sector is going through a major transformation, fueled by rapid advancements in technology, changing trade dynamics, and evolving consumer preferences. Automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and smart manufacturing are reshaping how products are made and delivered. Meanwhile, global supply chains are shifting due to geopolitical changes and the growing need for resilience and sustainability.

For India, this shift presents both a challenge and a golden opportunity. As global manufacturers look for alternatives to China, India has the potential to become a leading hub—thanks to its large workforce, growing domestic market, and strategic location. However, to truly leverage this moment, India must focus on upgrading its foundation.

A reset is needed—starting with technical education. Modernizing engineering curricula, promoting practical skills, and fostering collaboration between industry and academia are essential. Strengthening core engineering fields and encouraging innovation through R&D and startup support will also be key.

By investing in these areas, India can position itself at the forefront of the new industrial era. With the right focus on skill development and innovation, India can transform from a low-cost manufacturing destination to a global leader in advanced manufacturing.


The Global Manufacturing Shift: Challenges and Opportunities

Key Global Trends:

  • Technological Advancements:
  • Supply Chain Realignment:
  • Sustainability Focus:    

The global manufacturing landscape is undergoing a profound transformation. As industries transition toward innovation-driven, high-tech production, the focus has shifted from low-cost labor to advanced research, automation, and smart technologies. This shift is not just about improving efficiency—it’s about reimagining how products are designed, produced, and delivered in a rapidly changing world.

Key Global Trends Shaping Manufacturing

  1. Technological Advancements: Industry 4.0 is revolutionizing manufacturing with technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and additive manufacturing (3D printing). These innovations enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and hyper-customization, making production more intelligent and responsive.

  2. Supply Chain Realignment: Geopolitical tensions, trade wars, and global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains. As a result, companies are now diversifying their manufacturing bases to reduce dependence on a single country. This has opened new doors for emerging economies like India to become vital links in global supply chains.

  3. Sustainability Focus: Environmental concerns and stricter regulations are pushing manufacturers to adopt eco-friendly practices. Green manufacturing, circular economy principles, and carbon neutrality are becoming essential to long-term competitiveness and brand reputation.

India’s Moment of Opportunity

For India, these global shifts present a unique opportunity to emerge as a leading manufacturing hub. With its vast labor force, growing domestic market, and strong IT and engineering capabilities, India is well-positioned to attract global investment. However, to seize this opportunity, India must address key challenges—particularly in skill development and innovation.

Strategic Imperatives for India

India needs a fundamental reset that emphasizes:

  • Technical Education: Upgrading curricula to focus on Industry 4.0 skills, AI, robotics, and data analytics.
  • Core Engineering Strength: Reviving mechanical, electrical, and manufacturing engineering disciplines with a practical, R&D-oriented approach.
  • Innovation and R&D: Promoting a startup ecosystem, incentivizing industrial research, and fostering public-private partnerships.

By aligning its policies and educational frameworks with these global trends, India can transform from a low-cost manufacturer to a powerhouse of advanced, sustainable, and smart manufacturing.


India’s Manufacturing Landscape: Current Status and Initiatives

Major Initiatives:

  • National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP) - 2005:
  • Make in India - 2014:

Sectoral Growth:

  • Electronics:
  • Pharmaceuticals:
  • Automobiles:  

India has long recognized that a robust manufacturing sector is key to sustained economic growth, job creation, and global competitiveness. Since the liberalization of the economy in 1991, the government has introduced multiple policy initiatives to boost manufacturing, attract investment, and position India as a global industrial hub.

Major Initiatives to Strengthen Manufacturing

  1. National Manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP) – 2005:
    Launched by the Ministry of MSME, this program aims to enhance the productivity, quality, and competitiveness of India’s manufacturing sector, especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It provides support in areas such as quality management, technology upgradation, and skill development.

  2. Make in India – 2014:
    This flagship initiative was designed to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by encouraging both domestic and foreign investments. It targeted key sectors like electronics, automotive, textiles, and pharmaceuticals while promoting ease of doing business, infrastructure development, and innovation.

Sectoral Growth Highlights

  • Electronics: Driven by rising demand for smartphones, consumer electronics, and industrial automation, India's electronics manufacturing has grown significantly. Government schemes like Production Linked Incentives (PLI) have encouraged domestic production and reduced import dependency.

  • Pharmaceuticals: India is now one of the world’s largest manufacturers of generic medicines, supplying over 50% of global demand for certain vaccines and essential drugs. This sector benefits from strong R&D capabilities and a skilled workforce.

  • Automobiles: India’s automobile industry is one of the largest globally, supported by a growing middle class, increasing urbanization, and export demand. The shift toward electric vehicles (EVs) has opened new opportunities for innovation and green manufacturing.

Current Status and the Road Ahead

Despite these achievements, challenges remain—such as infrastructure gaps, regulatory hurdles, and skill mismatches. However, recent efforts like the PLI schemes, Gati Shakti (infrastructure development), and digital manufacturing initiatives are paving the way for stronger industrial growth.

India’s manufacturing future depends on continuous reform, upskilling of the workforce, and a strong focus on technology adoption and sustainability. With the right strategies, India can evolve from being a low-cost manufacturing alternative to a global leader in high-value, advanced manufacturing.


The Imperative of Technical Education and Core Engineering

A strong manufacturing sector relies heavily on a skilled and future-ready workforce. As the global manufacturing landscape rapidly evolves with technologies like robotics, AI, and the Internet of Things (IoT), India must place greater emphasis on technical education and core engineering disciplines to remain competitive. Empowering youth with industry-relevant skills is not just a necessity—it’s a strategic imperative.

Key Developments in Technical Education

India has taken promising steps to strengthen its technical education ecosystem. One notable example is Skill University, Kaushalya, which recently inaugurated the iFactory Lab. This state-of-the-art facility is designed to equip students with hands-on experience in emerging technologies such as robotics, IoT, and automation—skills that are increasingly in demand across the manufacturing industry.

Another impactful initiative is the e-Yantra program by IIT Bombay. This initiative introduces students to robotics and embedded systems through project-based learning. By solving real-world problems with tech solutions, students develop critical thinking and practical engineering skills, preparing them for dynamic industrial roles.

Benefits of Strengthening Technical Education and Core Engineering

  1. Bridging the Skill Gap:
    The Indian manufacturing sector often struggles with a mismatch between academic training and industry needs. Programs like iFactory and e-Yantra help bridge this gap by aligning curricula with real-world applications.

  2. Fostering Innovation:
    Hands-on learning experiences not only build technical skills but also nurture creativity and innovation. Students exposed to cutting-edge technologies early on are more likely to develop entrepreneurial ideas and innovative manufacturing solutions.

  3. Enhancing Employability:
    As companies seek job-ready professionals, those trained in robotics, automation, and core engineering fields stand out. This not only improves individual career prospects but also strengthens the talent pool for industries aiming to scale and compete globally.

The Way Forward

To unlock India’s full manufacturing potential, it’s crucial to integrate advanced technical training into mainstream education. Strengthening industry-academia collaboration, updating engineering curricula, and expanding access to modern labs and training centers are vital steps. Core engineering fields like mechanical, electrical, and production engineering must be revitalized with a focus on digital integration and sustainability.

With the right focus on technical education and innovation-driven learning, India can build a highly skilled workforce ready to lead the next phase of industrial growth.

Innovation and R&D: Catalysts for Growth in Indian Manufacturing

Innovation and research & development (R&D) are the driving forces behind modern manufacturing excellence. In an era defined by rapid technological change and evolving market demands, Indian manufacturers must prioritize innovation to stay competitive, boost productivity, and create high-value products. Strategic investments in R&D not only lead to breakthrough technologies but also open pathways for economic growth, job creation, and global relevance.

Key Initiatives Promoting Innovation and R&D

1. Kia Motors and IIT Tirupati Collaboration:

This partnership is a strong example of industry-academia synergy. It focuses on promoting engineering excellence and fostering innovation in automotive and industrial engineering. By working together on advanced research projects, they aim to develop sustainable, cutting-edge technologies for the future of mobility and smart manufacturing.

2. MNNIT’s Incubation Hub:

Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) has established a startup incubation center that nurtures early-stage ventures. Through mentorship, technical guidance, and access to investor networks, the hub helps startups in sectors like robotics, AI, and smart manufacturing scale their innovations from concept to market.

Tangible Outcomes of Innovation-Driven Initiatives

Faster Technology Development:

Collaborative R&D initiatives have significantly accelerated the pace of innovation. New technologies are reaching the market quicker, enabling manufacturers to adopt more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable solutions.

Thriving Startup Ecosystem:

Supportive infrastructure and innovation hubs are fostering a new generation of tech entrepreneurs. Startups are playing a vital role in introducing disruptive products, modernizing supply chains, and boosting localized innovation.

Improved Global Competitiveness:

With a strong focus on R&D, Indian manufacturing is moving beyond low-cost production to high-tech manufacturing. This transition enhances India's position in global value chains and opens doors to exports in advanced sectors like EVs, electronics, and precision engineering.

The Road Ahead

To sustain this momentum, India must increase public and private investment in R&D, incentivize innovation through tax benefits, and strengthen collaboration between industries and academic institutions. Fostering a culture of curiosity, experimentation, and entrepreneurial thinking will be essential for long-term success.

By embracing innovation and R&D, India can power the next generation of manufacturing growth and become a global leader in advanced industrial technologies.

 Policy Reforms and Government Initiatives: Boosting India’s Manufacturing Growth

To position India as a global manufacturing powerhouse, the government has introduced a series of policy reforms and initiatives aimed at strengthening the industrial ecosystem. These measures are designed to enhance productivity, improve quality standards, and attract both domestic and foreign investments. By focusing on incentives, skill development, and quality enhancement, these policies are creating a more competitive and innovation-driven manufacturing environment.

Key Policy Initiatives Driving Growth

  1. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme:
    Launched across key sectors like electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and automotive, the PLI scheme offers financial incentives based on output and performance. Its primary goal is to boost domestic production, reduce import dependence, and promote exports. The scheme has already attracted major global manufacturers to set up operations in India, fostering job creation and technology transfer.

  2. e-Quest Program by the Quality Council of India:
    The e-Quest (Quality Education for Sustained Training) program is an e-learning platform offering certifications in manufacturing excellence, quality management, and process optimization. By improving the skill set of the workforce, it ensures that Indian manufacturing adheres to global quality standards.

Impact of Policy Reforms

  • Increased Domestic Production:
    Thanks to initiatives like PLI, companies are ramping up production capacity in sectors like electronics, solar modules, and medical devices. This has not only improved self-reliance but also contributed to the growth of MSMEs and job opportunities across the supply chain.

  • Improved Quality Standards:
    With a growing emphasis on certified training and best practices, Indian manufacturers are delivering products that meet international benchmarks. This is crucial for competing in global markets and building a reputation for "Made in India" excellence.

  • Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
    India’s policy landscape, combined with a large consumer base and skilled labor force, has made it an attractive destination for FDI. Reforms in ease of doing business, simplified compliance, and sector-specific incentives are encouraging multinational companies to invest in India’s manufacturing sector.

Looking Ahead

For sustained growth, consistent policy support, faster implementation, and close collaboration between government, industry, and academia are essential. Continued reforms in infrastructure, logistics, and digitalization will further enhance India’s global competitiveness.


Case Studies: Success Stories in Indian Manufacturing

India’s manufacturing transformation is not only driven by policies and investments but also by grassroots innovation, technical education, and skill development. Several institutions and startups across the country are making a significant impact by bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. These success stories highlight how localized innovation and technical excellence are reshaping India’s manufacturing landscape.

1. Technoventor Innovations (TI), Nagpur
Technoventor Innovations has emerged as a trailblazer in educational innovation. Recognized as one of the top innovators in Maharashtra, TI focuses on creating makerspaces—collaborative workspaces that encourage experimentation and hands-on learning. With over 85 makerspaces established across India, the company is nurturing a culture of creativity and innovation among students and young professionals. These spaces enable users to work on electronics, robotics, and IoT projects, preparing them for future-ready roles in manufacturing and technology.

2. Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV), Bhopal
RGPV is actively promoting research and entrepreneurship through its flagship initiative, ‘Srijan’. This program showcased 150 innovative student-led projects, including AI-driven irrigation systems and wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging solutions. Beyond showcasing, RGPV supports innovators with patent facilitation and incubation services—key steps toward transforming ideas into viable commercial products. The university is fostering a vibrant ecosystem where academic knowledge directly translates into industrial innovation.

3. Central Tool Room and Training Centre (CTTC), Bhubaneswar
Operating under the Ministry of MSME, CTTC plays a crucial role in skill development and high-precision manufacturing. It offers advanced technical training in tool making, CNC machining, and design software, directly addressing the skill needs of modern industries. Notably, CTTC has contributed to high-impact national projects, including components for ISRO missions and the development of COVID-19 testing kits. This demonstrates how government-supported technical institutes can significantly contribute to both national innovation and industrial growth.

These case studies highlight how educational institutions, startups, and government bodies are working collaboratively to boost innovation, entrepreneurship, and skill development. Their success reinforces the idea that India’s manufacturing future depends not just on policy, but also on empowering individuals with tools, training, and the freedom to innovate.

Visualizing the Future: Data and Trends

India’s manufacturing sector is undergoing a dynamic shift, driven by supportive policies, technological innovation, and growing domestic and global demand. To understand where the sector is heading, it’s important to analyze emerging trends and key performance indicators backed by recent data.

1. India’s Projected GDP Growth

According to The Economic Times, India is expected to maintain one of the highest GDP growth rates among major economies, with projections hovering around 6.5% to 7% annually. This economic momentum is creating a strong foundation for industrial expansion. Manufacturing is a key pillar in this growth, contributing significantly to employment, exports, and value creation.

2. India’s Global Innovation Index (GII) Ranking

As per The Times of India, India has shown a steady improvement in the Global Innovation Index, ranking 40th in 2023, a remarkable climb from 81st in 2015. This improvement highlights India's growing capabilities in research, innovation, and technological advancement—core drivers of modern manufacturing. This shift is fueled by increased R&D investments, government-backed innovation hubs, and a thriving startup ecosystem.

3. Sector-Wise Manufacturing Growth

Government of India reports indicate that several key sectors are witnessing robust growth:

Electronics Manufacturing: Fueled by the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and increased demand for consumer electronics, India is becoming a major electronics assembly hub.

Automobile Sector: India remains the world’s fourth-largest automobile market, with electric vehicles (EVs) gaining traction due to policy support and innovation.

Pharmaceuticals: The country continues to lead in generic drug production and is expanding into biosimilars and medical technology.

Textiles and Apparel: While traditionally strong, this sector is being modernized with smart textiles and sustainable practices.

Conclusions

India stands at a defining moment in its manufacturing journey. With the right strategies, the country has the potential to emerge as a global manufacturing powerhouse. A renewed focus on technical education is essential to build a skilled, future-ready workforce that can meet the evolving demands of Industry 4.0. Simultaneously, fostering a culture of innovation and research & development (R&D) will drive the creation of high-value products and sustainable technologies.

Government-backed policies like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and initiatives such as Make in India are setting the stage for industrial growth. But for meaningful transformation, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial. These partnerships can bridge skill gaps, accelerate product development, and encourage entrepreneurial thinking.

As domestic demand grows and global supply chains diversify, India has a unique opportunity to position itself as a reliable, high-quality manufacturing hub. With continued investments in digital infrastructure, sustainability, and smart manufacturing, the country can compete with leading industrial economies.

By uniting policy, innovation, and education, India can not only fulfill its domestic needs but also become a vital player in the global manufacturing landscape.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

 Q1: What is the significance of technical education in manufacturing growth?

A skilled workforce equipped with technical knowledge is crucial for operating advanced manufacturing technologies, ensuring quality, and driving innovation.

Q2: Q2: How do government policies like the PLI scheme benefit manufacturers?

The PLI scheme provides financial incentives to manufacturers, encouraging increased production, investment in technology, and job creation.

Q3: What role do initiatives like e-Yantra play in manufacturing?

e-Yantra promotes robotics education and practical problem-solving skills among engineering students, fostering innovation and readiness for modern manufacturing challenges. 

Q4: How can startups contribute to manufacturing growth?

Startups bring fresh ideas, agility, and innovation to the manufacturing sector. With support from incubation centers and government initiatives, they can develop cutting-edge technologies and processes.

Q5: Q5: What are the challenges facing India's manufacturing sector?

Challenges include infrastructure deficits, regulatory hurdles, skill gaps, and the need for increased R&D investment. Addressing these is essential for sustained growth.




India’s GST Revenue Hits Record ₹2.37 Lakh Crore in April 2025: Economic Growth, Compliance Drive Collection Surge

📈 India’s GST Revenue Hits Record ₹2.37 Lakh Crore in April 2025: A Deep Dive into the Economic Implications

- Dr.Sanjaykumar Pawar


📚 Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Breaking Down the April 2025 GST Collection
  3. Factors Driving the Surge
  4. State-wise Performance and Regional Trends
  5. Expert Insights and Economic Implications
  6. Conclusion
  7. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Introduction

April 2025 marked a defining moment for India’s fiscal landscape, as the country witnessed its highest-ever Goods and Services Tax (GST) collection—an impressive ₹2.37 lakh crore. This milestone, representing a 12.6% year-on-year growth, goes beyond just numbers. It speaks to the underlying strength and adaptability of the Indian economy in the face of global headwinds. Ever since GST was rolled out in July 2017 as a unifying tax reform, it has faced its share of challenges, from initial implementation hurdles to fluctuating compliance levels. But this record-breaking collection signals a turning point.

What’s driving this growth? Stronger domestic consumption certainly plays a part, as Indians continue to spend across sectors. But it’s also a testament to improved tax compliance and the success of policy efforts to plug loopholes and digitize processes. Businesses, too, have become more integrated into the formal economy, aided by streamlined procedures and technology. This surge in revenue is more than a financial achievement—it reflects growing trust in the system and signals a maturing economy poised for further growth. As the country moves forward, sustaining this momentum will be key, ensuring the benefits of economic expansion reach every corner of society.


Breaking Down the April 2025 GST Collection

  • Domestic Transactions:
  • Imported Goods:
  • Refunds Issued:
  • Net GST Collection:

India’s GST collection in April 2025 hit a record ₹2.37 lakh crore, marking a significant milestone in the country’s fiscal journey. This impressive figure is more than just a number—it tells the story of a recovering and resilient economy.

A large portion, ₹1.9 lakh crore, came from domestic transactions, showing a robust 10.7% year-on-year growth. This points to stronger consumer demand and better compliance by businesses. Meanwhile, ₹46,913 crore was collected from imported goods, a sharp 20.8% jump compared to last year. This suggests increased import activity, possibly due to higher manufacturing needs and consumer spending.

(A visual breakdown of the April 2025 GST collection. The chart clearly highlights the contributions from domestic transactions and imports, alongside the impact of refunds and the final net collection.)

However, it’s important to factor in the ₹27,341 crore issued as refunds—an impressive 48.3% rise YoY. This signals greater efficiency in tax administration and faster credit disbursal, which is beneficial for businesses.

After adjusting for refunds, the net GST collection stands at ₹2.09 lakh crore, reflecting a solid 9.1% growth. Overall, the April figures show that India's tax base is expanding and the economic engine is running stronger. It also hints at better tax compliance, improved systems, and perhaps growing confidence among businesses and consumers alike. The numbers, in short, are a promising sign for the months ahead.


Factors Driving the Surge

1. Year-End Reconciliation and Compliance

2. Enhanced Economic Activity

3. Improved Refund Mechanisms

4. Policy Measures and Technological Integration

April witnessed a notable surge in tax collections, driven by several interlinked factors. Here's a breakdown of the key drivers behind this rise:

  1. Year-End Reconciliation and Compliance

    • April’s figures often capture the last-minute clearances from March, the fiscal year-end.
    • Businesses reconcile their accounts, settle pending dues, and ensure compliance to close the books accurately.
    • This administrative push typically results in a spike in tax payments.
  2. Enhanced Economic Activity

    • A rise in domestic transactions highlights strong consumer spending and industrial production.
    • Increased imports point toward heightened demand, indicating robust economic momentum.
    • Together, these reflect a healthy economy that naturally yields higher tax revenues.
  3. Improved Refund Mechanisms

    • The system has seen better processing capabilities, leading to timely refunds.
    • Quicker returns build trust in the system, encouraging more compliant behavior.
    • It also reflects increased efficiency in tax administration.
  4. Policy Measures and Technological Integration

    • Government initiatives such as data integration, AI-based tracking, and digital filing have broadened the tax net.
    • These measures reduce evasion and ensure better collection outcomes.

Collectively, these factors signal both administrative efficiency and economic resilience. 


State-wise Performance and Regional Trends

  • Lakshadweep:
  • Arunachal Pradesh:
  • Meghalaya:
  • Nagaland:

The recent data on Goods and Services Tax (GST) collections reflect a robust and fairly uniform growth across India's major states, with increases ranging between 11% to 16%. This points to a strong and consistent economic performance nationwide. However, what stands out is the remarkable surge in GST collections from smaller and northeastern states.

Key Observations:

  • Lakshadweep recorded a 287% increase, an exceptional spike that may stem from a low base effect and a recent boost in commercial activities or compliance.
  • Arunachal Pradesh saw a 66% rise, signaling a strengthening of formal trade and improved tax administration.
  • Meghalaya’s 50% increase suggests enhanced revenue generation, possibly due to better infrastructure and digital adoption.
  • Nagaland’s 42% growth reflects greater integration into the formal economy.

Analysis:

  • Inclusive Growth: These jumps reflect that economic activity is no longer confined to metropolitan or industrial hubs.
  • Policy Impact: Government focus on digitization, infrastructure, and outreach in remote areas is paying off.
  • Regional Balance: Northeastern and smaller territories are contributing more significantly to the national tax pool.

This trend underscores a broader, more equitable economic development across India. 

The state-wise GST collection growth for April 2025:

*Source: GST Revenue Collection April 2025*

Key insight 

Exceptional Growth in Smaller States:

Lakshadweep leads with a 287% increase, albeit from a low base, indicating a significant uptick in economic activities.

Northeastern States' Performance:Arunachal Pradesh (66%), Meghalaya (50%), and Nagaland (42%) showcase substantial growth, reflecting enhanced economic integration and compliance in these regions.

Major Economies' Steady Growth: States like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat continue to contribute significantly to the national GST pool with consistent growth rates.

Declines in Specific Regions: Andhra Pradesh (-3%), Tripura (-7%), and Mizoram (-28%) experienced declines, suggesting localized economic challenges or administrative issues. 

This data underscores the broad-based nature of economic growth across India, with notable improvements in traditionally underrepresented regions, highlighting the effectiveness of inclusive economic policies.


Expert Insights and Economic Implications

M.S. Mani, Partner, Deloitte Indian

Here is a humanized 200-word response with an analysis in points on M.S. Mani, Partner at Deloitte India, and his comment on GST collections:


M.S. Mani, Partner at Deloitte India, has emphasized the significance of India’s net GST collections surpassing the ₹2 lakh crore mark in the first month of the current fiscal. His observation reflects both optimism and insight into the nation’s economic trajectory.

Mani's comment — "The net GST collections crossing ₹2 lakh crore in the first month of the current fiscal year indicates a strong economic performance in the last month of the previous fiscal year" — highlights a deeper narrative of fiscal resilience and growth momentum.

  1. Economic Strength: The record GST collections signal robust business activity in March 2025, showing that sectors like manufacturing, services, and consumption remained vibrant.
  2. Tax Compliance: High GST receipts may also reflect improved tax compliance and more efficient tax administration.
  3. Growth Trajectory: This milestone suggests that the Indian economy has entered FY 2025-26 with strong footing, supporting higher revenue expectations.
  4. Policy Effectiveness: It may underline the success of policy measures aimed at broadening the tax base and curbing evasion.
  5. Investor Confidence: Such fiscal indicators often boost domestic and foreign investor confidence, portraying India as a stable economic environment.

Mani’s remark underscores the importance of sustained momentum in tax reforms and economic policy. 

Saurabh Agarwal, Tax Partner, EY Indian

Saurabh Agarwal, Tax Partner at EY India, recently remarked:
"The record GST collections underscore the Indian economy's underlying strength in the face of global economic uncertainties."
This statement reflects a confident assessment of India’s fiscal resilience and its evolving tax infrastructure.

Saurabh Agarwal’s comment captures a crucial moment in India's economic journey. As a seasoned tax partner at EY India, his perspective holds weight in understanding the broader financial landscape. His remark signals more than just a tax milestone—it highlights the country's ability to weather international disruptions.

  1. Fiscal Strength Amid Global Uncertainty:
    Global economies are grappling with inflation, interest rate hikes, and geopolitical instability. Amidst this, India’s consistent rise in GST collections points to sustained domestic consumption and compliance.

  2. Improved Tax Infrastructure:
    The growth in GST revenues suggests that reforms in indirect taxation, digitization, and enforcement have matured. Businesses are adapting better to the GST regime, leading to higher reporting and fewer leakages.

  3. Confidence in Economic Momentum:
    Agarwal’s statement signals trust in India's growth trajectory. Rising GST is often a proxy for increased economic activity, suggesting strong retail, manufacturing, and service sector performances.

  4. Policy Effectiveness:
    The remark subtly endorses government efforts in economic management, from Make in India to digital push initiatives that contribute to revenue uptick.

Abhishek Jain, Indirect Tax Head & Partner, KPMG

Abhishek Jain, Indirect Tax Head & Partner at KPMG, recently commented on India’s record-breaking GST collections, stating, "The all-time high GST collections are a strong indicator of robust economic activity, reflecting ongoing recovery and growth." This statement offers insight into both the present economic momentum and the broader fiscal landscape.

  1. Economic Confidence: Jain’s comment underscores the direct correlation between GST collections and economic strength. High collections often signify higher consumption and business activity, indicating economic resilience.

  2. Recovery Post-COVID: His reference to “ongoing recovery” highlights that India is steadily bouncing back from the disruptions caused by the pandemic, with businesses regaining their footing.

  3. Policy Effectiveness: As a tax expert, Jain’s remarks subtly endorse the government’s administrative efforts in improving tax compliance and broadening the base.

  4. Investor Assurance: Such expert insights provide reassurance to investors and stakeholders about the stability and growth trajectory of the Indian economy.

  5. Role of Compliance: Jain, being at the helm of Indirect Tax at KPMG, brings credibility to the view that increasing tax revenues also reflect improved tax governance.


Conclusion

The record-breaking GST collection in April 2025 marks a significant milestone in India’s economic journey. It reflects not just improved compliance and tax administration, but also the strength and recovery of businesses across sectors. This achievement underlines the maturing of the GST system, which has now become a more stable and predictable part of India’s fiscal framework. Beyond the numbers, this success is a signal of collective progress—where policy, administration, and economic activity are aligning for shared growth.

Such a strong revenue performance provides the government with more room to invest in public infrastructure, welfare schemes, and development initiatives, further fueling economic momentum. It also reinforces investor confidence, both domestic and international, in the Indian market’s potential and regulatory stability. As global uncertainties persist, this robust GST performance offers reassurance that India is on a steady path toward economic resilience and self-reliance.

In conclusion, April’s record GST collection is not just a financial statistic—it is a reflection of India's adaptive capacity, strategic policy execution, and the growing integration of the formal economy. With consistent reforms and cooperation among stakeholders, the GST framework can continue to support India’s long-term vision of inclusive and sustainable growth.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: What contributed to the record GST collection in April 2025?

Q2: How does the April 2025 collection compare to previous months?

Q3: Which states showed the highest growth in GST collections?

Q4: What is the significance of increased refunds in April 2025?

Q5: What does this mean for India's economic outlook?









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India’s Deep Tech Startup Struggles: Study Reveals Critical Gaps in Public R&D Support

India’s Deep Tech Startup Struggles: Study Reveals Critical Gaps in Public R&D Support

- Dr. Sanjaykumar Pawar 
India’s Deep Tech Startup Struggles: Study Reveals Critical Gaps in Public R&D Support
Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Understanding Deep Tech Startups
  3. The State of Public R&D Support in India
  4. Challenges Faced by Deep Tech Startups
  5. Government Initiatives and Policies
  6. Comparative Analysis: India vs. Global Peers
  7. Recommendations for Strengthening Support
  8. Conclusion
  9. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Introduction

India has set its sights on becoming a global powerhouse in technology and innovation, showcasing this ambition through strategic initiatives and increased investments in research and development (R&D). From fostering STEM education to promoting digital infrastructure and startup culture, the nation is clearly pushing forward. Yet, beneath this momentum lies a crucial and often overlooked concern: the support system for deep tech startups remains underdeveloped. A recent study, commissioned by the Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor and carried out by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) along with the Centre for Technology, Innovation, and Economic Research, brings this issue to light. The findings reveal a stark gap in institutional and financial backing for startups working on breakthrough technologies—those involving cutting-edge innovations in fields such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, robotics, and quantum computing. These ventures often require longer gestation periods and higher risk tolerance, which makes them less attractive to traditional investors. This blog aims to explore the insights from the study, outline the specific hurdles these startups face, and discuss what measures are necessary to build a robust ecosystem that not only nurtures but propels deep tech entrepreneurship in India toward global relevance.


Understanding Deep Tech Startups

Deep tech refers to startups that emerge from breakthrough scientific discoveries or advanced engineering innovations. Unlike typical tech startups that might focus on apps or platforms, deep tech ventures delve into complex technologies that could transform industries or create entirely new ones. These startups often tackle significant global challenges—like climate change, healthcare, or computing—with innovative solutions.

Here are key characteristics that define deep tech startups:

  • High R&D intensity: They heavily invest in research and development, often pushing the boundaries of what's currently possible.
  • Extended timeframes: These startups typically have long development cycles and take years to bring a product to market.
  • Capital-intensive: The journey from lab to market requires substantial funding, often involving multiple investment rounds.
  • Interdisciplinary teams: Success in deep tech demands collaboration across physics, biology, computer science, engineering, and more.

Examples of deep tech areas include quantum computing, which could revolutionize problem-solving capacity; biotechnology, with its potential to cure diseases; advanced materials for stronger, lighter, or more sustainable products; and artificial intelligence, which powers smarter automation and decision-making.

Though risky, deep tech has the power to create lasting societal impact, offering transformative solutions to some of the world's most pressing problems.


The State of Public R&D Support in India

India’s public R&D ecosystem plays a critical role in driving innovation, but a recent study sheds light on several challenges that limit its broader impact, especially in nurturing startups and fostering deep tech innovation.

  • Limited Incubation Support: Alarmingly, only 25% of public-funded R&D institutions offer incubation facilities. This becomes more concerning when looking at deep tech startups—just 16% of these organizations extend support to ventures working on cutting-edge, high-risk technologies. Without proper incubation, many promising innovations struggle to evolve beyond the lab.

  • Minimal Industry Collaboration: Just 15% of public R&D bodies have collaborated with international industries. This suggests that India is missing out on valuable global partnerships that could enhance technology transfer, commercialization, and innovation exchange.

  • Restricted Access: About half of these institutions have opened their labs and resources to external researchers and students. While that’s a start, the limited openness still hampers collaboration, cross-pollination of ideas, and talent development.

  • Exclusion of Strategic Sectors: Notably, the study excludes strategic sectors like defense, space, and atomic energy due to national security concerns. However, these sectors consume a substantial share of R&D funding, and their exclusion means we lack a complete picture.

To realize India’s innovation potential, public R&D support must become more inclusive, collaborative, and globally connected—especially for deep tech startups.


Challenges Faced by Deep Tech Startups

Deep tech startups in India face a unique set of challenges that hinder their ability to innovate, scale, and compete globally. These barriers are multifaceted and deeply rooted in both systemic limitations and sector-specific demands.

  1. Funding Constraints: Deep tech ventures require sustained investments due to their long R&D cycles and high upfront costs. In 2023, these startups secured only $850 million in funding—a sharp 77% drop from the $3.7 billion raised in 2022. This funding winter limits their ability to build prototypes, hire experts, or commercialize products.

  2. Limited Access to Infrastructure: Many startups struggle to access high-end research facilities, as public R&D institutions often restrict or complicate their use. This deprives startups of critical equipment and expertise needed for early-stage development.

  3. Talent Acquisition: Recruiting top-tier talent—especially scientists and engineers—is difficult. Established companies typically offer higher salaries and greater job stability, leaving startups at a disadvantage in the talent race.

  4. Regulatory Hurdles: Sectors like biotechnology, healthcare, and aerospace are highly regulated. Startups often lack the legal expertise or resources to efficiently navigate these complex frameworks.

  5. IP Challenges: Intellectual property is central to deep tech success, yet many startups lack awareness, legal counsel, and funds to effectively protect and monetize their innovations.

Government Initiatives and Policies

Recognizing the vital role of innovation in driving economic growth and global competitiveness, the Indian government has introduced a series of forward-looking policies and initiatives aimed at nurturing the startup ecosystem, especially in the deep tech space.

  • Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Since its launch in 2016, AIM has played a key role in fostering innovation at the grassroots level. Through Atal Incubation Centres (AICs) and Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs), it supports early-stage startups and encourages students to experiment with cutting-edge technologies, cultivating an innovation mindset from a young age.

  • National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP): Introduced in 2023, this landmark policy addresses core issues faced by deep tech startups, such as access to capital, infrastructure, and complex regulatory requirements. It aims to create a more enabling environment where groundbreaking technologies can thrive.

  • Space Sector Reforms: With a ₹10 billion fund approved in 2024, the government is actively encouraging private participation in the space sector. This investment reflects India’s ambition to expand its footprint in the $44 billion global space market by 2033.

  • Boost in R&D Spending: While India's GERD has doubled in the last decade to ₹1.27 lakh crore, it still trails behind innovation leaders globally, indicating room for more aggressive support.

These initiatives are promising, but their long-term impact on deep tech remains to be fully realized. 


Comparative Analysis: India vs. Global Peers

A global comparison of R&D investment highlights key disparities between India and its peers in terms of funding, ecosystem support, and private sector involvement:

  • South Korea leads the pack, dedicating a substantial 4.8% of its GDP to R&D. Its success is driven by strong government backing and a thriving private sector that actively engages in research and innovation. South Korea’s model showcases the power of coordinated public-private collaboration.

  • China invests 2.4% of GDP in R&D, strategically targeting high-tech and emerging sectors. A hallmark of China's approach is its emphasis on collaboration between academia and industry, ensuring research outcomes are effectively commercialized and scaled.

  • The United States allocates 3.5% of GDP to R&D. Its innovation ecosystem is bolstered by dynamic startup culture, supported by venture capital, federal grants, and world-class research institutions that create a fertile ground for cutting-edge development.

  • India, in contrast, spends only 0.64% of GDP on R&D. Over 60% of this comes from government sources, with limited participation from the private sector. This underscores a pressing need to enhance industry involvement, foster academia-industry linkages, and develop funding mechanisms that encourage innovation across sectors.

Recommendations for Strengthening Support

To truly unlock the potential of India’s deep tech startup ecosystem, a multi-pronged, human-centric approach is essential. Here are key recommendations, expanded with context and clarity:

  1. Enhance Funding Mechanisms
    Deep tech ventures often require long development cycles and substantial capital. Dedicated funding schemes—such as innovation grants, low-interest loans, and targeted tax incentives—can reduce financial strain and encourage risk-taking.

  2. Facilitate Access to Infrastructure
    Startups often lack access to high-end labs or testing equipment. Public R&D institutions should be encouraged to share facilities with emerging companies, creating innovation clusters that foster collaboration and reduce infrastructure costs.

  3. Streamline Regulatory Processes
    Complex and rigid regulations can delay innovation. Simplifying approval processes, standardizing compliance protocols, and offering regulatory sandboxes can help startups move from lab to market faster.

  4. Promote Industry-Academia Collaboration
    Bridging the gap between academic research and commercial application is crucial. Joint R&D programs, talent exchanges, and mentorship networks can stimulate practical innovation and product development.

  5. Strengthen IP Support
    Many startups struggle with protecting their innovations. Dedicated IP cells, legal aid, and financial support for patent filing can empower founders to secure their competitive edge.

  6. Encourage Private Sector Participation
    Public-private partnerships and incentives for corporate R&D investment can bring in much-needed capital, market access, and industry expertise, further accelerating the growth of deep tech ventures.


Conclusion

India's journey towards becoming a global innovation hub hinges on its ability to nurture and support deep tech startups. While government initiatives have laid the groundwork, a concerted effort involving policy reforms, increased funding, and enhanced collaboration between stakeholders is essential. By addressing the existing gaps and challenges, India can unlock the full potential of its deep tech ecosystem, driving economic growth and technological advancement.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: What defines a deep tech startup?

A deep tech startup is characterized by its foundation in scientific research or engineering innovation, often involving significant R&D efforts, long development timelines, and substantial capital investment.

Q2: Why is support for deep tech startups crucial for India?

Supporting deep tech startups is vital for fostering innovation, enhancing technological capabilities, and driving economic growth. These startups can address complex challenges and contribute to strategic sectors like healthcare, defense, and energy.

Q3: What challenges do deep tech startups face in India?

Challenges include limited access to funding, infrastructure, and skilled talent; complex regulatory environments; and difficulties in protecting intellectual property.

Q4: How can the government enhance support for deep tech startups?

The government can enhance support by increasing funding, simplifying regulations, facilitating access to research infrastructure, promoting industry-academia collaboration, and strengthening IP protection mechanisms.

Q5: How does India's R&D spending compare globally?

India's R&D spending is approximately 0.64% of its GDP, which is lower than countries like South Korea (4.8%), China (2.4%), and the United States (3.5%).


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